A collection of witnesses to the Marcionite texts.

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Re: A collection of witnesses to the Marcionite texts.

Post by Secret Alias »

Notice above:
non potest arbor bona malos fructus facere, neque arbor mala bonos fructus facere
Vulgate Matthew 7:18
Non potest arbor bona malos fructus facere: neque arbor mala bonos fructus facere.
Are scholars really this dumb? Are people at this forum who want Marcion to have corrupted Luke really this blind?

And the presence of this saying in the Marcionite canon is confirmed in essence by the AA:

https://books.google.com/books?id=wnFz3 ... 22&f=false

Various other scholars on Marcion's 'use of Matthew' here:

Early Controversies and the Growth of Christianity - Page 53

https://books.google.com/books?isbn=031338360X
Kevin W. Kaatz - 2012 - ‎Preview - ‎More editions
Here the contrast between the flesh and the spirit is clear, and Marcion believed it proved the existence of two Gods. Another verse with dualistic language (at least according to Marcion) can be found at Matthew 7:18–20: A good tree cannot ...
Historical Theology: An Introduction to Christian Doctrine - Page 281

https://books.google.com/books?isbn=031041041X
Gregg Allison - 2011 - ‎Preview - ‎More editions
For Marcion, Jesus' teaching about two types of trees (Matt. 7:18) implied the existence of two gods28—“one judicial, harsh, mighty in war; the other mild, placid, and simply good and excellent.”29 Taking it a step further, Marcion identified the ...
The Text of Marcion’s Gospel - Page 57

https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9004282378
Dieter T. Roth - 2015 - ‎Preview - ‎More editions
4.18.2 7:18 Marc. 4.18.4 7:19 Marc. 4.18.5 ... 42.11.6(8) Ephrem, Against Marcion I, xxxix/8636 7:24 Marc. 4.18.7, 8 7:26 Marc. ... 4.18.9 35 36 The abbreviated citation of Matt 11:5–6 (//Luke 7:22–23) by Adamantius (Adam. 52,5–8 [1.26]) in his ...
Marcion and the Making of a Heretic - Page 487

https://books.google.com/books?isbn=110702904X
Judith Lieu - 2015 - ‎Preview - ‎More editions
59 369 Commentary on Matthew XII. 12 136 XV. 3 142, 188 Commentary on ... 139 V. 1,28-49 140 V. 6,4-8 257 n.74 X. 43,7-18 138 n.28, 241 Fragments on 1 Corinthians 8 136 37 142 Homilies on Exodus (ed. Borret) 262 n.89 III. 2.70 137 ...
Frontiers of Faith: The Christian Encounter With ... - Page 112

https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9004161805
Jason David BeDuhn, ‎Paul Allan Mirecki - 2007 - ‎Preview - ‎More editions
Mt. 7:18 and its related verses were a major source of problems for the early church in trying to combat the idea that there exists more than one nature. ... been a very important verse for his theology since Tertullian notes that Marcion used Mt. 7:18 to back up his idea of two gods. ... They were all very adept at using the Gospel of Matthew.30 In 392 Augustine held a debate with the Manichaean Fortunatus.
Voices of Early Christianity: Documents from the Origins ... - Page 177

It's too much to continue to fight the good fight. Bye.
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Re: A collection of witnesses to the Marcionite texts.

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Clement of Alexandria, Miscellanies 3.4.25a.

ΚΛΗΜΕΝΤΟΣ ΣΤΡΩΜΑΤΕΩΝ ΤΡΙΤΟΣ
Miscellanies 3
[/b]
Τῶν δὲ ἀφ' αἱρέσεως ἀγομένων Μαρκίωνος μὲν τοῦ Ποντικοῦ ἐπεμνήσθημεν δι' ἀντίταξιν τὴν πρὸς τὸν δημιουργὸν τὴν χρῆσιν τῶν κοσμικῶν παραιτουμένου. γίνεται δὲ αὐτῷ τῆς ἐγκρατείας αἴτιος, εἴ γε τοῦτο ἐγκράτειαν ῥητέον, αὐτὸς ὁ δημιουργός, πρὸς ὃν ὁ θεομάχος οὗτος γίγας ἀνθεστάναι οἰόμενος ἄκων ἐστὶν ἐγκρατὴς κατατρέχων καὶ τῆς κτίσεως καὶ τοῦ πλάσματος. κἂν συγχρήσωνται τῇ τοῦ κυρίου φωνῇ λέγοντος τῷ Φιλίππῳ· Ἄφες τοὺς νεκροὺς θάψαι τοὺς ἑαυτῶν νεκρούς, σὺ δὲ ἀκολούθει μοι, ἀλλ' ἐκεῖνο σκοπείτωσαν ὡς τὴν ὁμοίαν τῆς σαρκὸς πλάσιν καὶ Φίλιππος φέρει, νεκρὸν οὐκ ἔχων μεμιαμμένον. πῶς οὖν σαρκίον ἔχων νεκρὸν οὐκ εἶχεν;Of the heretics we mentioned Marcion of Pontus as forbidding the use of this world's goods on the ground of opposition to the Creator. The Creator himself is thus the reason for continence, if this can be called continence; for this giant o thinks he can resist God is not continent by an act of free choice, in that he attacks the creation and the process by which n is formed. If they quote the Lord's words to Philip, "Let the dead bury their dead, but do thou follow me," they ought to consider that Philip's flesh is also formed in the same way; a body is not a polluted corpse. How then could he have a body of flesh which is not a corpse?

Clement of Alexandria, Miscellanies 3.11.76.

ΚΛΗΜΕΝΤΟΣ ΣΤΡΩΜΑΤΕΩΝ ΤΡΙΤΟΣ
Miscellanies 3
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Καὶ δὴ ἐνταῦθα γενόμενος δοκῶ μοι μὴ παραλείψειν ἀνεπιση- μείωτον, ὅτι τὸν αὐτὸν θεὸν διὰ νόμου καὶ προφητῶν καὶ εὐαγ- γελίου ὁ ἀπόστολος κηρύσσει· τὸ γὰρ «οὐκ ἐπιθυμήσεις» ἐν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ γεγραμμένον τῷ νόμῳ περιτίθησιν ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους ἐπιστολῇ, ἕνα εἰδὼς τὸν διὰ νόμου καὶ προφητῶν κηρύξαντα καὶ τὸν δι' αὐτοῦ εὐαγγελισθέντα πατέρα. φησὶ γάρ· «τί ἐροῦμεν; ὁ νόμος ἁμαρτία; μὴ γένοιτο· ἀλλὰ τὴν ἁμαρτίαν οὐκ ἔγνων εἰ μὴ διὰ νόμου· τήν τε γὰρ ἐπιθυμίαν οὐκ ᾔδειν, εἰ μὴ ὁ νόμος ἔλεγεν· οὐκ ἐπιθυμήσεις.» κἂν οἱ ἀντιτασσόμενοι τῶν ἑτεροδόξων προσα- ποτεινόμενον τὸν Παῦλον τῷ κτίστῃ εἰρηκέναι ὑπολάβωσι τὰ ἑξῆς »οἶδα γὰρ ὅτι οὐκ οἰκεῖ ἐν ἐμοί, τουτέστιν ἐν τῇ σαρκί μου, ἀγαθόν», ἀλλ' ἀναγινωσκόντων τὰ προειρημένα καὶ τὰ ἐπιφερόμενα· προεῖπε γάρ· «ἀλλ' ἡ οἰκοῦσα ἐν ἐμοὶ ἁμαρτία», δι' ἣν ἀκόλουθον ἦν εἰπεῖν ὅτι «οὐκ οἰκεῖ ἐν τῇ σαρκί μου ἀγαθόν».While on this point I think I must not commit mention of the fact that the apostle declares that the same God is the God of the law, the prophets, and the gospel. In the Epistle to the Romans he quotes the gospel saying "Thou shalt not lust" as if it were from the law, knowing that it is the one Father who is preached by the law and the prophets. For he says: "What shall we say? Is the law sin? God forbid. I had not known sin except through the law; and I had not known lust unless the law had said, Thou shalt not lust." Even if the heretics who are opposed to the Creator suppose that in the next sentence Paul was speaking against him when he says, "I know that in me, that is in my flesh, there dwells no good thing," yet let them read what precedes and follows this. For before it he says, "But sin which dwells in me," which explains why it was appropriate for him to say, "in my flesh dwells no good thing."

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Re: A collection of witnesses to the Marcionite texts.

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From Jerome, Against John of Jerusalem 34.

Contra Iohannem XXXIV
Against John of Jerusalem 34
[/b]
Alioquin et ante resurrectionem, cum eduxissent eum de Nazareth, ut praecipitarent de supercilio montis, transivit per medios, id est, elapsus est de manibus eorum. Numquid iuxta Marcionem dicere possumus, quod ideo nativitas eius in phantasmate fuerit, quia contra naturam qui tenebatur, elapsus est? Quod Magis licet, hoc Domino non licet?Besides, even before His resurrection, when they had led Him out from Nazareth that they might cast Him down headlong from the brow of the hill, He passed through the midst of them, that is, escaped out of their hands. Can we follow Marcion, and say that because, when He was held fast, He escaped in a manner contrary to nature, therefore His birth must have been only apparent? Has not the Lord a privilege which is conceded to magicians?

From Jerome, Commentary on Galatians 1.1.

Commentarii in Epistulam Pauli Apostoli ad Galatas
Commentary on Galatians
[/b]
Sciendum quoque in Marcionis Apostolo non esse scriptum, et per Deum Patrem, volentis exponere Christum non a Deo Patre, sed per semetipsum suscitatum, ut est illud: Solvite templum hoc, et ego in triduo suscitabo illud. Necnon et alibi: Nemo tollit animam meam a me; sed ego pono eam a meipso. Potestatem habeo ponendi eam et rursum potestatem habeo sumendi illam.We should be aware that the phrase "and through God the Father" is not found in Marcion's version of the Apostle. Marcion wished to present Christ as having been resurrected not by God the Father but through his own power, just as Christ says, "Tear down this temple and I shall raise it up on the third day," and elsewhere, "No one takes my life from me, but I lay it down of my own accord. I have the power to lay it down and I have the power to take it up again."

From Jerome, Commentary on Galatians 3.6.

Commentarii in Epistulam Pauli Apostoli ad Galatas
Commentary on Galatians
[/b]
Sicut Abraham credidit Deo, et reputatum est illi ad iustitiam. Ab hoc loco usque ad eum ubi scribitur: Qui ex fide sunt, benedicentur cum fideli Abraham, Marcion de suo Apostulo erasit. Sed quid profuit hoc tulisse, cum caetera quae reliquit, insaniae eius adversa sint?"Abraham believed God, and it was credited to him as righteousness." Marcion omitted from his version of the Apostle's epistle this and the next two verses, and he resumed with the verse, "Those who have faith will be blessed along with Abraham, the man of faith." But what was the point of doing this, seeing that the parts he left intact refute his madness?

From Jerome, Commentary on Galatians 3.13.

Commentarii in Epistulam Pauli Apostoli ad Galatas
Commentary on Galatians
[/b]
Christus nos redemit de maledicto Legis, factus pro nobis maledictum. Subrepit in hoc loco Marcion de potestate Creatoris, quem sanguinarium, crudelem infamat et vindicem, asserens nos redemptos esse per Christum, qui alterius boni Dei Filius sit. Qui si intelligeret quo differunt emere et redimere (quia qui emit, alienum emit; qui autemm redimit, id emit proprie quod suum fuit, et suum esse desivit) numquam Scripturarum verba simplicia in calumniam sui dogmatis detorqueret."Christ redeemed us from the curse of the Law, having become a curse on our behalf." Marcion sneaks along at this point concerning the power of the Creator, whom he defames as bloodthirsty and cruel and vindictive, asserting that we were redeemed through Christ, who is the Son of the other God, the good one. If he had understood how procuring and redeeming differ from one another (since the one procuring procures something not his own; the one redeeming, however, procures that which was once his own and ceased to be his) he would never have twisted the simple words of the Scriptures around to make a calumny of his own teaching.

From Jerome, Commentary on Galatians 4.4-5.

Commentarii in Epistulam Pauli Apostoli ad Galatas
Commentary on Galatians
[/b]
At ubi venit plenitudo temporis, misit Deus Filium suum factum ex muliere, factum sub Lege: ut eos qui sub Lege erant redimeret, ut adoptionem filiorum reciperemus. Diligenter attendite quod non dixerit, factum per mulierem: quod Marcion et caeterae haereses volunt, quae putativam Christi carnem simulant: sed ex muliere, ut non per illam, sed ex illa natus esse credatur."But when the fullness of time had come, God sent forth his Son, made from a woman, made under the law, to redeem those who were under the law, so that we might receive adoption as sons." Diligently attend to what he did not say, "made through a woman," which Marcion and the other heresies who pretend that the flesh of Christ was imaginary wish it to be, but rather "from a woman," so that it might be believed that he was born, not through her, but rather from her.

Note:

Jason BeDuhn remarks (page 267): Harnack, who usually credits Jerome's testimony as based on Origen, rejects it here because he assumes Marcion's views about Jesus preclude him allowing the words to remain in the text. Such an ideologically-based argument is unacceptable. A more sound reason for questioning Jerome's testimony comes from a quotation of the original words of Origen on which Jerome probably based his remark. These are preserved by Pamphilus, Apology for Origen 113: "We need not give a h earing to those who say that Christ was born through Mary and not of Mary, because the Apostle, in his foresight, said in anticipation of this," quoting Gal 4.4, followed by, "You see why he did not say 'born through a woman,' but rather 'born of a woman.'" It appears, then, that Origen offers a hypothetical textual variant, rather than attributing it - or v. 4b in any form - to Marcion's text. It therefore remains unattested.

From Jerome, Commentary on Galatians 4.24.

Commentarii in Epistulam Pauli Apostoli ad Galatas
Commentary on Galatians
[/b]
Marcion et Manichaeus hunc locum in quo dixit Apostolus: Quae quidem sunt allegorica, et caetera quae sequuntur, de codice suo tollere noluerunt, putantes adversum nos relinqui.Marcion and Mani did not wish to remove this passage in which the Apostle said, "Which things indeed are allegorical," and the rest which follows, from their codex, supposing it to be left behind against us.

From Jerome, Commentary on Galatians 6.6.

Commentarii in Epistulam Pauli Apostoli ad Galatas
Commentary on Galatians
[/b]
Communicet autem is qui catechizatur verbum, ei qui se catechizat in omnibus bonis. Marcion hunc locum ita interpretatus est, ut putaret fideles, et catechumenos simul orare debere, et magistrum communicare in oratione discipulis; illo vel maxime elatus, quod sequatur, in omnibus bonis."Let the one who is taught the word share all good things with the one who teaches." Marcion interpreted this verse to mean that catechumens and the faithful ought to pray at the same time and that the master must share in prayer with his disciples. He got especially carried away by the phrase 'all good things.'"

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Re: A collection of witnesses to the Marcionite texts.

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From Philastrius, Book of Diverse Heresies 45.2.

Diversarum Hereseon Liber
Book of Diverse Heresies
[/b]
Quid est, inquit [Marcion], quod in evangelio dicente domino scriptum est? "Nemo pannum rudem mittet in vestimentum vetus, neque vinum novum in utres veteres, alioquin rumpuntur utres et effunditur vinum." Et iterum: "Non est arbor bona quae facit malum fructum, neque arbor mala quae faciat bonum fructum.What is it, says he, that is written in the gospel, the Lord speaking? "No one puts a piece of raw fabric on an old garment, nor new wine in old skins, or else the skins are ruptured and the wine is poured out." And again: "It is not a good tree which makes evil fruit, nor an evil tree which makes good fruit."

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Re: A collection of witnesses to the Marcionite texts.

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Even if we're not assuming any kind of direct correspondence between the canonical gospels and the Evangelion, it would be very helpful to have this indexed to the chapter or verse numbers.
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Re: A collection of witnesses to the Marcionite texts.

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Pseudo-Tertullian, Against All Heresies 6.2.

Adversus Omnes Haereses VI
Against All Heresies 6
[/b]
Post hunc discipulus ipsius emersit Marcion quidam nomine, Ponticus genere, episcopi filius, propter stuprum cuiusdam virginis ab ecclesiae communicatione abiectus. Hic ex occasione qua dictum sit, Omnis arbor bona bonos fructus facit, mala autem malos, haeresim Cerdonis approbare conatus est, ut eadem diceret quae ille superior haereticus ante dixerat.After him emerged a disciple of his, one Marcion by name, a native of Pontus, son of a bishop, excommunicated because of a rape committed on a certain virgin. He, starting from the fact that it is said, "Every good tree beareth good fruit, but an evil evil," attempted to approve the heresy of Cerdo; so that his assertions are identical with those of the former heretic before him.

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Re: A collection of witnesses to the Marcionite texts.

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Peter Kirby wrote:Even if we're not assuming any kind of direct correspondence between the canonical gospels and the Evangelion, it would be very helpful to have this indexed to the chapter or verse numbers.
Well, of course. All in good time:
Ben C. Smith wrote:
Peter Kirby wrote:IMO, what would be nice are side-by-side quotations of Tertullian, Epiphanius, and the other such sources. (In translation and original... would be nice.)

I'd value that more than getting anybody's judgment calls about what may or may not be the exact wording of the text, which is for the most part unrecoverable anyway.
In an effort to take steps in that general direction, this thread will collect at least some of the most important witnesses to the Marcionite texts (both Evangelion and Apostolikon), laying out the original Latin or Greek alongside an English translation. This thread will not (yet) attach these texts to the relevant Lucan chapter and verse; that is a separate step. Nor have I even (yet) narrowed down the Tertullianic and Epiphanian texts to focus only on the textual issues; I have formatted the relevant books in their entirety.
I needed to get the Greek or Latin paired up side by side with the English first. These sources are scattered all over the place, both online and off.

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Re: A collection of witnesses to the Marcionite texts.

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From Eznik, De Deo 358.

He [the Good God and Stranger] sent his son to go redeem them, and "to take on the likeness of a slave and to come into being in the form of man" (Phil 2:7) in the midst of the sons of the God of the Law.

“Heal,” he said, “their lepers, and give life to their dead, and open their blind, and make very great healings as a gift to them, so that the Lord of creatures might see you and be jealous and raise you on a cross.”

"And then having become dead, you will descend into the Harsh (or, Hell) and you will raise them thence, because it is not customary for the Harsh to accept life into its midst. And for this same reason you will go up to the cross, so that you might resemble the dead, and so that you might open the mouth of Hell to take you, and enter into the middle of it and empty it."

And when he had raised him on a cross, they say, he descended into the Harsh and emptied it. And having raised the souls from the middle of it, he led them into the third heaven, to his Father.

And the Lord of creatures having become angry, in his anger he rent his robe and the curtain of his temple. And he darkened his son, and he clothed his world in umber. And in his affliction he dwelt in mourning.

From Eznik, De Deo 362.

"But Paul," they say, "was snatched into the third celestial sphere, and he 'heard' these 'unutterable words' which we proclaim here."

From Eznik, De Deo 375.

But, moreover, another thing which they say is the most sacrilegious of all, namely, when the God One, who was dwelling in the third heaven, saw man up to the generation of twenty-nine generations of souls being tormented in Gehenna, having compassion on them he sent Jesus his own son to go and take the likeness of a slave and to come into being in the form of a man. (cf. Phil 2:5f.)

From Eznik, De Deo 379.

But they say: "Paul said he was snatched so to the third heaven." (cf. 2 Cor 12:2)

From Eznik, De Deo 392.

So who was that one who was able to accomplish such great things, if not the Lord of all who said, “Everything was given to me by my Father”? (Matt 11:27; Luke 10:22)

Whence it is clear that not like some stranger did he take by ravishment, but rather by the father they were given into his hand and like a lord of the Law he put a stop to the law. And before ascending the cross he demonstrated his kingship.

From Eznik, De Deo 405.

But, just so they say, the Law of the Just One is in opposition to the grace of Jesus, because "the former gives beatitude to the great" (Sir 31:8) and misery to the needy; and “the latter gives happiness to the poor and woe to the great.” (cf. Luke 6:20)

From Eznik, De Deo 407.

... So too, those ones will not eat fish now, but there in the resurrection, just as he too after his resurrection ate the fish which he found among the fisherman. (cf. Luke 24:42-43; John 21:5-13) But that fish is also meat is clear to everyone.

From Eznik, De Deo 408.

But, they say, the Apostle says: "It is better not to eat meat and not to drink wine or anything by which my brother might be scandalized." (Rom 14:21) And again, "I will never eat meat by which my brother might be scandalized." (1 Cor 8:13)

From Eznik, De Deo 415.

Indeed if nowhere we discover it saying in our own: "Do not eat this thing", it is clear that the distinction of foods which was according to the Law would come to an end, in that with sinners, and with custom-house officers, and with Pharisees he ate and drank. And concerning the Pasch he said to his disciples: “I desire strongly to eat this Pasch with you.” (Luke 22:15) Perhaps about this Pasch too they will say that it was fish and not lamb!

From Eznik, De Deo 420.

But also as for the not believing the resurrection of the flesh, whence has it occurred to Marcion and Mani and others of the same kind? They say the Apostle said: "Flesh and blood do not inherit the kingdom of God, nor does corruption incorruption." (1 Cor 15:50) And again, "to go out from this flesh I am desiring and to be with the Lord." (Phil 1:23) By which it is clear, they say, that because flesh is from Hyle, for this reason it is not made worthy of the resurrection.

From Eznik, De Deo 424.

But, they say, the Apostle said: "Corruption does not inherit incorruption." (1 Cor 15:50)

From Eznik, De Deo 427.

And all the more that which as in the ear of Marcion and Mani he cries out, saying, "If the dead do not rise again, what will those ones accomplish, those who were baptized on behalf of the dead?" (1 Cor 15:29) "You," he says, "you say that bodies do not rise again because they are from Hyle." If the bodies, being mortal, do not rise again, as for the souls, living entities, why will they make a covenant in regard to those dead bodies? Or also, why would they baptize the mortal bodies along with those immortal souls, if, as you say, those mortal bodies will not rise again? In this way too should this word be understood, and not as that Marcion fantasizes: that it is necessary in turn for the living relative to be baptized for a dead child so that there it might be accounted to him - which in fact the Marcionites also practice.

From Eznik, De Deo 432.

The resurrection of the body [Marcion] disdained. And baptism - not only did he give one, but even three after transgressions. And on behalf of dead children he constrained others to accept the seal. And he became so bold that he allowed women to give baptism, which none of the other sects dared to do - neither to give a double or triple seal, nor to put the women alongside priests.

(Eznik of Kolb wrote in Armenian, a language of which I know nothing, so most of these quotations come straight from the English translation by Monica J. Blanchard and Robin Darling Young.)
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Re: A collection of witnesses to the Marcionite texts.

Post by Peter Kirby »

Ben C. Smith wrote:
Peter Kirby wrote:Even if we're not assuming any kind of direct correspondence between the canonical gospels and the Evangelion, it would be very helpful to have this indexed to the chapter or verse numbers.
Well, of course. All in good time:
Ben C. Smith wrote:
Peter Kirby wrote:IMO, what would be nice are side-by-side quotations of Tertullian, Epiphanius, and the other such sources. (In translation and original... would be nice.)

I'd value that more than getting anybody's judgment calls about what may or may not be the exact wording of the text, which is for the most part unrecoverable anyway.
In an effort to take steps in that general direction, this thread will collect at least some of the most important witnesses to the Marcionite texts (both Evangelion and Apostolikon), laying out the original Latin or Greek alongside an English translation. This thread will not (yet) attach these texts to the relevant Lucan chapter and verse; that is a separate step. Nor have I even (yet) narrowed down the Tertullianic and Epiphanian texts to focus only on the textual issues; I have formatted the relevant books in their entirety.
I needed to get the Greek or Latin paired up side by side with the English first. These sources are scattered all over the place, both online and off.

Ben.
Ah, I overlooked that bit. Thanks for your work on this!
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Re: A collection of witnesses to the Marcionite texts.

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Notice above:

non potest arbor bona malos fructus facere, neque arbor mala bonos fructus facere


Vulgate Matthew 7:18

Non potest arbor bona malos fructus facere: neque arbor mala bonos fructus facere.


Are scholars really this dumb? Are people at this forum who want Marcion to have corrupted Luke really this blind?
According to the textual context, there is nothing to indicate Tertullian found that saying in gMarcion. Instead, Tertullian used that saying, without indicating where it comes from, to make a point against Marcionites and Marcion.
Tertullian also used Matthew's sermon of the mount to make points against Marcion. Certainly Tertullian knew that sermon was only in gMatthew.

I know there are a few sayings only found in gMatthew that Tertullian accused Marcion to have deleted from his gospel. My opinion (shared by many scholars) is that Tertullian probably was not doing any checking from a copy of gLuke when writing AM and got confused about thinking some gospels sayings were from gLuke, when in fact, they are only in gMatthew.

Cordially, Bernard
I believe freedom of expression should not be curtailed
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