The Christian sense is a bit different than the Jewish. Apostle (ἀπόστολος) in the earliest days seems to have been interchangeable with bishop (ἐπισκοπός) and (great) teacher/minister (διακονίας).
Acts 1:20 refers to the replacement of Judas as one of the twelve Apostles by referring to Psalm (LXX 108.8) 'let another take his overseer position' (ἐπισκοπὴν) and of course that could be translated bishop. The verse is of course "late" as NT texts go, showing concern about apostolic succession, using lots to imply divine selection (much as to this day with succession of Popes). But in Acts these Apostles do not behave as bishops in settled churches, but as teachers wandering about.
We see the equation of teacher with Apostle in the somewhat earlier 1 Corinthians 3:4 where Apollos is treated as an equal to Paul as a primary teacher of Christ:
Who is Apollos? And who is Paul? Teachers through whom you believed, and each as the Lord gave to.
τί οὗν ἐστιν Ἀπολλῶς; τί δέ ἐστιν Παῦλος; διάκονοι δι᾽ ὧν ἐπιστεύσατε, καὶ ἑκάστῳ ὡς ὁ κύριος ἔδωκεν.
However in 3:5 we see his position seems to have come about after Paul, much as Apelles was supposedly a student of Marcion and thus after, as 'Paul plants' and 'Apollos waters' (ἐγὼ ἐφύτευσα, Ἀπολλῶς ἐπότισεν). So again succession is possibly in view, and this case as teachers (διάκονοι) being the role of Apostles. But as we see in the Gospels an Apostle is far above a student or disciple, and seems to be the leader of sect or community (the latter especially later when the church formalizes),
through whom you believed. And that last point fits exactly what a sect leaders role would be, to expound their system to which the followers hold.
In my blog post on the subject some years ago, I made the case that Marcion himself, using Paul as his alter ego, invented the term bishop to describe and justify his own position, much as the proto-Orthodox invented the position of elder. E.C. Blackman advanced this very position, as remarked in Footnote 48 by Robert Pretty's English translation of Dialogue Adamantius (1.9)
This is an important statement [by Megethius]. Along with the following remark of Adamantius, it shows that the Marcionites had established an Order of Bishops. Whether Marcion himself was called "Bishop" (ἐπισκοπός) in his lifetime is, however, uncertain. E.C. Blackman (Marcion and His Influence, London, 1948, p.5) thinks it is probable that Marcion himself instituted the order of bishops, as well as those of presbyters and deacons, since these are mentioned by Paul - Marcion's teacher and guide. (1)
While the etymology of the term Apostle in Hebrew is interesting, it is not likely very relevant in the meaning of the term as it came to be used by even the earliest Christians. It was immediately embroiled in the controversy for titles and authority between competing sects. The terms thus took on, apparently from the very moment ink to papyrus of NT, specific authoritative roles within the Christian structure. There does not seem to be the same concept of Apostle as sectarian leader and teacher and overseer/bishop within the Jewish Palestinian tradition. Perhaps the role derived from the Monastic tradition of the Alexandrian Theraputae sect, following a more Buddhist model of wandering preacher and beggar interchangeable with community leader - but this entire sentence is entirely speculative and without research to support it.
Footnote:
(1) I disagree with Blackman on the position that elders (πρεσβυτέρων) where invented by Marcion. Quite the contrary, I think they were positions invented by their Marcionite opponents. Irenaues in Adversus Haereses 3.2.2 affirms their role in apostolic succession and again in 4.26.2. In fact I am of the opinion, based on a complete lack of attestation of the term appearing even once in Marcion's Apostolikon, that the term was not present in his Gospel or Pauline letters. Much as Marcion invented Bishop, the proto-Orthodox invented other positions for authority - as evidenced by the rejection of those holding that title by most heretical sects.
“’That was excellently observed’, say I, when I read a passage in an author, where his opinion agrees with mine. When we differ, there I pronounce him to be mistaken.” - Jonathan Swift