No problem.Secret Alias wrote: ↑Tue Sep 29, 2020 2:55 pm As always a perceptive question. Unfortunately (a) I hadn't noticed that before and (b) I have no ready answer. I will say (as a tangent):
1. Clement takes an interest in this 'do not lust' commandment
2. I think it all leads to castration (Julius Cassian takes an interest, Origen etc)
I will drop off my son at soccer practice in a half hour at which point instead of arguing with my dog's vet (for not allowing me to order her kidney disease dogfood with Amazon - you have to get vet permission) I will focus on this problem for 1 hour and hopefully come up with something.
Notice that Matthew adds that explicit reference to loving one's neighbor; notice also that Mark seems to allude to the same principle, but in a very different way, when he has Jesus looking on the rich man and loving him, which is why I added these into the mix:
Jerome, On Ephesians 3, commentary on Ephesians 5.4: Ut in Hebraico quoque evangelio legimus, dominus ad discipulos loquentem: «Nunquam,» inquit, «laeti sitis nisi cum fratrem vestrum videritis in charitate.» / As we read also in the Hebraic gospel, the Lord, speaking to the disciples, says, “Never be content except when you look upon your brother in charity.”
Liège Diatessaron: Doe sach ihs lieflec op hem. / Then Jesus looked upon him lovingly.
Liège Diatessaron: Doe sach ihs lieflec op hem. / Then Jesus looked upon him lovingly.
But this observation whisks us directly into the realm of the Two Greatest Commandments:
Love Your God (First Greatest Commandment)
Deuteronomy 6.4-5: 4 “Hear, O Israel! Yahweh is our God; Yahweh is one! 5 You shall love Yahweh your God [ἀγαπήσεις κύριον τὸν θεόν σου] with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your might.”
1QS, column 5, lines 7b-11a: 7b Whoever enters the council of the Community 8 enters the covenant of God in the presence of all who freely volunteer. He shall swear with a binding oath to revert to the Law of Moses, according to all that he commanded, with whole 9 heart and whole soul, in compliance with all that has been revealed of it to the sons of Zadok, the priests who keep the covenant and interpret his will and to the multitude of the men of their covenant 10 who freely volunteer together for this truth and to walk according to his will. He should swear by the covenant to be segregated from all the men of injustice who walk 11a along the path of wickedness.
Testament of Dan 5.3: 3 Love the Lord [ἀγαπᾶτε τὸν κύριον] (= Deuteronomy 6.5) through all your life, and one another with a true heart.
Sibylline Oracles 8.480-482: 480 ...and to be humble in heart, and to hate cruel deeds hate, 481 and to love the neighbor wholly, even as oneself [πάντων ἀγαπᾶν τὸν πλησίον ὥσπερ ἑαυτόν], 482 and to love God from the soul [θεὸν ἐκ ψυχῆς φιλέειν] and worship him.
Love Your Neighbor (Second Greatest Commandment)
Leviticus 19.17-18: 17 “‘You shall not hate your fellow countryman in your heart; you may surely reprove your neighbor, but shall not incur sin because of him. 18 You shall not take vengeance, nor bear any grudge against the sons of your people, but you shall love your neighbor as yourself [ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς σεαυτόν]; I am Yahweh.’”
CD-A, columns 6-7, lines 14b-21, 1-6a: 6.14b They should take care to act in accordance with the exact interpretation of the law for the age of wickedness: to keep apart 15 from the sons of the pit; to abstain from wicked wealth which defiles, either by promise or by vow, 16 and from the wealth of the Temple and from stealing from the poor of his people, making widows their spoils 17 and murdering orphans; to separate unclean from clean and differentiate between 18 the holy and the common; to keep the sabbath day according to its exact interpretation, and the festivals 19 and the day of fasting, according to what was discovered by those who entered the new covenant in the land of Damascus; 20 to set apart holy portions according to their exact interpretation; for each to love his brother [לאהוב איש את אחיהו] 21 like himself; to strengthen the hand of the poor, the needy and the foreigner; ~ for each to seek the peace 7.1 of his brother and not to be unfaithful against his blood relation; to refrain from fornication 2 in accordance with the regulation; for each to reprove his brother in accordance with the precept, and not to bear resentment 3 from one day to the next; to keep apart from every uncleanness according to their regulations, without anyone defiling 4a his holy spirit, according to what God kept apart for them. For all those who walk 5 according to these matters in holy perfectness, in accordance with all his teachings, God’s covenant is a guarantee for them 6 that they shall live a thousand generations.
1QS, column 7, lines 8b-10a: 8b And whoever feels animosity towards his fellow for no cause will be punished for {six months} /one year/. 9 And likewise for anyone retaliating for any reason. Whoever utters with his mouth futile words, three months; and for talking in the middle of the words of his fellow, 10a ten days.
Galatians 5.14-15: 14 For the whole Law is fulfilled in one word, in the statement, “You shall love your neighbor as yourself [ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς σεαυτόν]” (= Leviticus 19.18). 15 But if you bite and devour one another, take care that you are not consumed by one another.
Romans 12.9-21: 9 Let love be without hypocrisy. Abhor what is evil; cling to what is good, 10 devoted to one another in brotherly love; give preference to one another in honor, 11 not lagging behind in diligence, fervent in spirit, serving the Lord, 12 rejoicing in hope, persevering in tribulation, devoted to prayer, 13 contributing to the needs of the saints, practicing hospitality. 14 Bless those who persecute you; bless and do not curse. 15 Rejoice with those who rejoice, and weep with those who weep. 16 Be of the same mind toward one another; do not be haughty in mind, but associate with the lowly. Do not be wise in your own estimation. 17 Never pay back evil for evil to anyone. Respect what is right in the sight of all men. 18 If possible, so far as it depends on you, be at peace with all men. 19 Never take your own revenge, beloved, but leave room for the wrath of God, for it is written, “Vengeance is Mine; I will repay” (= Deuteronomy 32.35), says the Lord. 20 “But if your enemy is hungry, feed him, and if he is thirsty, give him a drink; for in so doing you will heap burning coals on his head” (= Proverbs 25.21-22a). 21 Do not be overcome by evil, but overcome evil with good.
James 2.8-9: 8 If, however, you are fulfilling the royal law according to the Scripture, “You shall love your neighbor as yourself [ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς σεαυτόν]” (= Leviticus 19.18), you are doing well. 9 But if you show partiality, you are committing sin and are convicted by the law as transgressors.
Thomas 25.1-2: 1 Jesus said, “Love your brother as your own soul; 2 guard him like the pupil of your eye.”
Matthew 5.21-26: 21 “You have heard that the ancients were told, ‘You shall not commit murder’ and ‘Whoever commits murder shall be liable to the court.’ 22 But I say to you that everyone who is angry with his brother shall be guilty before the court; and whoever says to his brother, ‘You good-for-nothing,’ shall be guilty before the supreme court; and whoever says, ‘You fool,’ shall be guilty enough to go into the fiery hell. 23 Therefore if you are presenting your offering at the altar, and there remember that your brother has something against you, 24 leave your offering there before the altar and go; first be reconciled to your brother, and then come and present your offering. 25 Make friends quickly with your opponent at law while you are with him on the way, so that your opponent may not hand you over to the judge, and the judge to the officer, and you be thrown into prison. 26 Truly I say to you, you will not come out of there until you have paid up the last cent.”
Matthew 5.38-48: 38 “You have heard that it was said, ‘An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth’ (= Exodus 21.24; Leviticus 24.20; Deuteronomy 19.21). 39 But I say to you, do not resist an evil person; but whoever slaps you on your right cheek, turn the other to him also. 40 If anyone wants to sue you and take your shirt, let him have your coat also. 41 Whoever forces you to go one mile, go with him two. 42 Give to him who asks of you, and do not turn away from him who wants to borrow from you. 43 You have heard that it was said, ‘You shall love your neighbor [ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου] and hate your enemy’ (= Leviticus 19.18). 44 But I say to you, love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you, 45 so that you may be sons of your Father who is in heaven; for He causes His sun to rise on the evil and the good, and sends rain on the just and the unjust. 46 For if you love those who love you, what reward do you have? Do not even the tax collectors do the same? 47 If you greet only your brothers, what more are you doing than others? Do not even the Gentiles do the same? 48 Therefore you are to be perfect, as your heavenly Father is perfect.”
Matthew 19.18b-19: 18b And Jesus said, “You shall not commit murder, you shall not commit adultery, you shall not steal, you shall not bear false witness, 19 honor your father and mother, and you shall love your neighbor as yourself [ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς σεαυτόν]” (= Leviticus 19.18).
Luke 6.27-36: 27 “But I say to you who hear, love your enemies, do good to those who hate you, 28 bless those who curse you, pray for those who mistreat you. 29 Whoever hits you on the cheek, offer him the other also; and whoever takes away your coat, do not withhold your shirt from him either. 30 Give to everyone who asks of you, and whoever takes away what is yours, do not demand it back. 31 Treat others the same way you want them to treat you. 32 If you love those who love you, what credit is that to you? For even sinners love those who love them. 33 If you do good to those who do good to you, what credit is that to you? For even sinners do the same. 34 If you lend to those from whom you expect to receive, what credit is that to you? Even sinners lend to sinners in order to receive back the same amount. 35 But love your enemies, and do good, and lend, expecting nothing in return; and your reward will be great, and you will be sons of the Most High; for He Himself is kind to ungrateful and evil men. 36 Be merciful, just as your Father is merciful.”
Love Your God and Your Neighbor (Both Greatest Commandments Combined)
Matthew 22.34-40: 34 But when the Pharisees heard that Jesus had silenced the Sadducees, they gathered themselves together. 35 One of them, a lawyer, asked Him a question, testing Him, 36 “Teacher, which is the great commandment in the Law?” 37 And He said to him, “‘You shall love the Lord your God [ἀγαπήσεις κύριον τὸν θεόν σου] with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind’ (= Deuteronomy 6.5). 38 This is the great and foremost commandment. 39 The second is like it, ‘You shall love your neighbor as yourself [ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς σεαυτόν]’ (= Leviticus 19.18). 40 On these two commandments depend the whole Law and the Prophets.”
Mark 12.28-33: 28 One of the scribes came and heard them arguing, and recognizing that He had answered them well, asked Him, “What commandment is the foremost of all?” 29 Jesus answered, “The foremost is, ‘Hear, O Israel! The Lord our God is one Lord; 30 and you shall love the Lord your God [ἀγαπήσεις κύριον τὸν θεόν σου] with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind, and with all your strength’ (= Deuteronomy 6.5). 31 The second is this, ‘You shall love your neighbor as yourself [ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς σεαυτόν]’ (= Leviticus 19.18). There is no other commandment greater than these.” 32 The scribe said to Him, “Right, Teacher; You have truly stated that He is One, and there is no one else besides Him; 33 and to love Him with all the heart and with all the understanding and with all the strength, and to love one’s neighbor as himself, is much more than all burnt offerings and sacrifices.”
Luke 10.25-28: 25 And a lawyer stood up and put Him to the test, saying, “Teacher, what shall I do to inherit eternal life?” 26 And He said to him, “What is written in the Law? How does it read to you?” 27 And he answered, “You shall love the Lord your God [ἀγαπήσεις κύριον τὸν θεόν σου] with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your strength, and with all your mind, and your neighbor as yourself” (= Deuteronomy 6.5; Leviticus 19.18). 28 And He said to him, “You have answered correctly; do this and you will live.”
Didache 1.1-2.7:
1.1 There are two paths, one of life and one of death, and the difference between the two paths is great.
2 This then is the path of life. First, love the God who made you; second, your neighbor as yourself [πρῶτον ἀγαπήσεις τὸν θεὸν τὸν ποιήσαντά σε· δεύτερον τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς σεαυτόν] (= Deuteronomy 6.5; Leviticus 19.18; Matthew 22.37-39; Mark 12.29-31; Luke 10.27). And whatever you do not want to happen to you, do not do to another (= Matthew 7.12; Luke 6.31). 3 And the teaching of these words is this. Bless those who curse you, pray for your enemies, and fast for those who persecute you (= Matthew 5.44; Luke 6.27-28). For why is it so great to love those who love you? Do the Gentiles not do this as well (= Matthew 5.46-47; Luke 6.32-34)? But you should love those who hate you — then you will have no enemy. 4 Abstain from fleshly passions (= 1 Peter 2.11). If anyone slaps your right cheek, turn the other to him as well (= Matthew 5.39b; Luke 6.29a), and you will be perfect (= Matthew 5.48; Luke 6.36). If anyone compels you to go one mile, go with him two (= Matthew 5.41). If anyone takes your cloak, give him your shirt as well (= Matthew 5.40; Luke 6.29b). If anyone seizes what is yours, do not ask for it back, for you will not be able to get it. 5 Give to everyone who asks, and do not ask for anything back (= Luke 6.30). For the Father wants everyone to be given something from the gracious gifts he himself provides (= Matthew 5.45; Luke 6.35b). How fortunate is the one who gives according to the commandment, for he is without fault. Woe to the one who receives (= Acts 20.35). For if anyone receives because he is in need, he is without fault. But the one who receives without a need will have to testify why he received what he did, and for what purpose. And he will be thrown in prison and interrogated about what he did; and he will not get out until he pays back every last cent (= Matthew 5.26; Luke 12.59). 6 For it has also been said concerning this: “Let your gift to charity sweat in your hands until you know to whom to give it (= ?).”
2.1 And now the second commandment of the teaching. 2 You shall not murder, you shall not commit adultery (= Exodus 20.13-14; Deuteronomy 5.17-18), you shall not engage in pederasty, you shall not engage in sexual immorality. you shall not steal (= Exodus 20.15; Deuteronomy 5.19), you shall not practice magic, you shall not use enchanted potions, you shall not abort a fetus or kill a child that is born. 3 You shall not desire [οὐκ ἐπιθυμήσεις] what belongs to your neighbor (= Exodus 20.17; Deuteronomy 5.21), you shall not commit perjury, you shall not give false testimony, you shall not speak insults, you shall not bear grudges. 4 You shall not be of two minds or speak from both sides of your mouth, for speaking from both sides of your mouth is a deadly trap. 5 Your word must not be empty or false. 6 You shall not be greedy, rapacious, hypocritical, spiteful, or haughty. You shall not entertain a wicked plot against your neighbor. 7 You shall not hate anyone, but reprove some, pray for others, and love still others more than yourself.
Deuteronomy 6.4-5: 4 “Hear, O Israel! Yahweh is our God; Yahweh is one! 5 You shall love Yahweh your God [ἀγαπήσεις κύριον τὸν θεόν σου] with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your might.”
1QS, column 5, lines 7b-11a: 7b Whoever enters the council of the Community 8 enters the covenant of God in the presence of all who freely volunteer. He shall swear with a binding oath to revert to the Law of Moses, according to all that he commanded, with whole 9 heart and whole soul, in compliance with all that has been revealed of it to the sons of Zadok, the priests who keep the covenant and interpret his will and to the multitude of the men of their covenant 10 who freely volunteer together for this truth and to walk according to his will. He should swear by the covenant to be segregated from all the men of injustice who walk 11a along the path of wickedness.
Testament of Dan 5.3: 3 Love the Lord [ἀγαπᾶτε τὸν κύριον] (= Deuteronomy 6.5) through all your life, and one another with a true heart.
Sibylline Oracles 8.480-482: 480 ...and to be humble in heart, and to hate cruel deeds hate, 481 and to love the neighbor wholly, even as oneself [πάντων ἀγαπᾶν τὸν πλησίον ὥσπερ ἑαυτόν], 482 and to love God from the soul [θεὸν ἐκ ψυχῆς φιλέειν] and worship him.
Love Your Neighbor (Second Greatest Commandment)
Leviticus 19.17-18: 17 “‘You shall not hate your fellow countryman in your heart; you may surely reprove your neighbor, but shall not incur sin because of him. 18 You shall not take vengeance, nor bear any grudge against the sons of your people, but you shall love your neighbor as yourself [ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς σεαυτόν]; I am Yahweh.’”
CD-A, columns 6-7, lines 14b-21, 1-6a: 6.14b They should take care to act in accordance with the exact interpretation of the law for the age of wickedness: to keep apart 15 from the sons of the pit; to abstain from wicked wealth which defiles, either by promise or by vow, 16 and from the wealth of the Temple and from stealing from the poor of his people, making widows their spoils 17 and murdering orphans; to separate unclean from clean and differentiate between 18 the holy and the common; to keep the sabbath day according to its exact interpretation, and the festivals 19 and the day of fasting, according to what was discovered by those who entered the new covenant in the land of Damascus; 20 to set apart holy portions according to their exact interpretation; for each to love his brother [לאהוב איש את אחיהו] 21 like himself; to strengthen the hand of the poor, the needy and the foreigner; ~ for each to seek the peace 7.1 of his brother and not to be unfaithful against his blood relation; to refrain from fornication 2 in accordance with the regulation; for each to reprove his brother in accordance with the precept, and not to bear resentment 3 from one day to the next; to keep apart from every uncleanness according to their regulations, without anyone defiling 4a his holy spirit, according to what God kept apart for them. For all those who walk 5 according to these matters in holy perfectness, in accordance with all his teachings, God’s covenant is a guarantee for them 6 that they shall live a thousand generations.
1QS, column 7, lines 8b-10a: 8b And whoever feels animosity towards his fellow for no cause will be punished for {six months} /one year/. 9 And likewise for anyone retaliating for any reason. Whoever utters with his mouth futile words, three months; and for talking in the middle of the words of his fellow, 10a ten days.
Galatians 5.14-15: 14 For the whole Law is fulfilled in one word, in the statement, “You shall love your neighbor as yourself [ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς σεαυτόν]” (= Leviticus 19.18). 15 But if you bite and devour one another, take care that you are not consumed by one another.
Romans 12.9-21: 9 Let love be without hypocrisy. Abhor what is evil; cling to what is good, 10 devoted to one another in brotherly love; give preference to one another in honor, 11 not lagging behind in diligence, fervent in spirit, serving the Lord, 12 rejoicing in hope, persevering in tribulation, devoted to prayer, 13 contributing to the needs of the saints, practicing hospitality. 14 Bless those who persecute you; bless and do not curse. 15 Rejoice with those who rejoice, and weep with those who weep. 16 Be of the same mind toward one another; do not be haughty in mind, but associate with the lowly. Do not be wise in your own estimation. 17 Never pay back evil for evil to anyone. Respect what is right in the sight of all men. 18 If possible, so far as it depends on you, be at peace with all men. 19 Never take your own revenge, beloved, but leave room for the wrath of God, for it is written, “Vengeance is Mine; I will repay” (= Deuteronomy 32.35), says the Lord. 20 “But if your enemy is hungry, feed him, and if he is thirsty, give him a drink; for in so doing you will heap burning coals on his head” (= Proverbs 25.21-22a). 21 Do not be overcome by evil, but overcome evil with good.
James 2.8-9: 8 If, however, you are fulfilling the royal law according to the Scripture, “You shall love your neighbor as yourself [ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς σεαυτόν]” (= Leviticus 19.18), you are doing well. 9 But if you show partiality, you are committing sin and are convicted by the law as transgressors.
Thomas 25.1-2: 1 Jesus said, “Love your brother as your own soul; 2 guard him like the pupil of your eye.”
Matthew 5.21-26: 21 “You have heard that the ancients were told, ‘You shall not commit murder’ and ‘Whoever commits murder shall be liable to the court.’ 22 But I say to you that everyone who is angry with his brother shall be guilty before the court; and whoever says to his brother, ‘You good-for-nothing,’ shall be guilty before the supreme court; and whoever says, ‘You fool,’ shall be guilty enough to go into the fiery hell. 23 Therefore if you are presenting your offering at the altar, and there remember that your brother has something against you, 24 leave your offering there before the altar and go; first be reconciled to your brother, and then come and present your offering. 25 Make friends quickly with your opponent at law while you are with him on the way, so that your opponent may not hand you over to the judge, and the judge to the officer, and you be thrown into prison. 26 Truly I say to you, you will not come out of there until you have paid up the last cent.”
Matthew 5.38-48: 38 “You have heard that it was said, ‘An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth’ (= Exodus 21.24; Leviticus 24.20; Deuteronomy 19.21). 39 But I say to you, do not resist an evil person; but whoever slaps you on your right cheek, turn the other to him also. 40 If anyone wants to sue you and take your shirt, let him have your coat also. 41 Whoever forces you to go one mile, go with him two. 42 Give to him who asks of you, and do not turn away from him who wants to borrow from you. 43 You have heard that it was said, ‘You shall love your neighbor [ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου] and hate your enemy’ (= Leviticus 19.18). 44 But I say to you, love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you, 45 so that you may be sons of your Father who is in heaven; for He causes His sun to rise on the evil and the good, and sends rain on the just and the unjust. 46 For if you love those who love you, what reward do you have? Do not even the tax collectors do the same? 47 If you greet only your brothers, what more are you doing than others? Do not even the Gentiles do the same? 48 Therefore you are to be perfect, as your heavenly Father is perfect.”
Matthew 19.18b-19: 18b And Jesus said, “You shall not commit murder, you shall not commit adultery, you shall not steal, you shall not bear false witness, 19 honor your father and mother, and you shall love your neighbor as yourself [ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς σεαυτόν]” (= Leviticus 19.18).
Luke 6.27-36: 27 “But I say to you who hear, love your enemies, do good to those who hate you, 28 bless those who curse you, pray for those who mistreat you. 29 Whoever hits you on the cheek, offer him the other also; and whoever takes away your coat, do not withhold your shirt from him either. 30 Give to everyone who asks of you, and whoever takes away what is yours, do not demand it back. 31 Treat others the same way you want them to treat you. 32 If you love those who love you, what credit is that to you? For even sinners love those who love them. 33 If you do good to those who do good to you, what credit is that to you? For even sinners do the same. 34 If you lend to those from whom you expect to receive, what credit is that to you? Even sinners lend to sinners in order to receive back the same amount. 35 But love your enemies, and do good, and lend, expecting nothing in return; and your reward will be great, and you will be sons of the Most High; for He Himself is kind to ungrateful and evil men. 36 Be merciful, just as your Father is merciful.”
Love Your God and Your Neighbor (Both Greatest Commandments Combined)
Matthew 22.34-40: 34 But when the Pharisees heard that Jesus had silenced the Sadducees, they gathered themselves together. 35 One of them, a lawyer, asked Him a question, testing Him, 36 “Teacher, which is the great commandment in the Law?” 37 And He said to him, “‘You shall love the Lord your God [ἀγαπήσεις κύριον τὸν θεόν σου] with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind’ (= Deuteronomy 6.5). 38 This is the great and foremost commandment. 39 The second is like it, ‘You shall love your neighbor as yourself [ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς σεαυτόν]’ (= Leviticus 19.18). 40 On these two commandments depend the whole Law and the Prophets.”
Mark 12.28-33: 28 One of the scribes came and heard them arguing, and recognizing that He had answered them well, asked Him, “What commandment is the foremost of all?” 29 Jesus answered, “The foremost is, ‘Hear, O Israel! The Lord our God is one Lord; 30 and you shall love the Lord your God [ἀγαπήσεις κύριον τὸν θεόν σου] with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind, and with all your strength’ (= Deuteronomy 6.5). 31 The second is this, ‘You shall love your neighbor as yourself [ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς σεαυτόν]’ (= Leviticus 19.18). There is no other commandment greater than these.” 32 The scribe said to Him, “Right, Teacher; You have truly stated that He is One, and there is no one else besides Him; 33 and to love Him with all the heart and with all the understanding and with all the strength, and to love one’s neighbor as himself, is much more than all burnt offerings and sacrifices.”
Luke 10.25-28: 25 And a lawyer stood up and put Him to the test, saying, “Teacher, what shall I do to inherit eternal life?” 26 And He said to him, “What is written in the Law? How does it read to you?” 27 And he answered, “You shall love the Lord your God [ἀγαπήσεις κύριον τὸν θεόν σου] with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your strength, and with all your mind, and your neighbor as yourself” (= Deuteronomy 6.5; Leviticus 19.18). 28 And He said to him, “You have answered correctly; do this and you will live.”
Didache 1.1-2.7:
1.1 There are two paths, one of life and one of death, and the difference between the two paths is great.
2 This then is the path of life. First, love the God who made you; second, your neighbor as yourself [πρῶτον ἀγαπήσεις τὸν θεὸν τὸν ποιήσαντά σε· δεύτερον τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς σεαυτόν] (= Deuteronomy 6.5; Leviticus 19.18; Matthew 22.37-39; Mark 12.29-31; Luke 10.27). And whatever you do not want to happen to you, do not do to another (= Matthew 7.12; Luke 6.31). 3 And the teaching of these words is this. Bless those who curse you, pray for your enemies, and fast for those who persecute you (= Matthew 5.44; Luke 6.27-28). For why is it so great to love those who love you? Do the Gentiles not do this as well (= Matthew 5.46-47; Luke 6.32-34)? But you should love those who hate you — then you will have no enemy. 4 Abstain from fleshly passions (= 1 Peter 2.11). If anyone slaps your right cheek, turn the other to him as well (= Matthew 5.39b; Luke 6.29a), and you will be perfect (= Matthew 5.48; Luke 6.36). If anyone compels you to go one mile, go with him two (= Matthew 5.41). If anyone takes your cloak, give him your shirt as well (= Matthew 5.40; Luke 6.29b). If anyone seizes what is yours, do not ask for it back, for you will not be able to get it. 5 Give to everyone who asks, and do not ask for anything back (= Luke 6.30). For the Father wants everyone to be given something from the gracious gifts he himself provides (= Matthew 5.45; Luke 6.35b). How fortunate is the one who gives according to the commandment, for he is without fault. Woe to the one who receives (= Acts 20.35). For if anyone receives because he is in need, he is without fault. But the one who receives without a need will have to testify why he received what he did, and for what purpose. And he will be thrown in prison and interrogated about what he did; and he will not get out until he pays back every last cent (= Matthew 5.26; Luke 12.59). 6 For it has also been said concerning this: “Let your gift to charity sweat in your hands until you know to whom to give it (= ?).”
2.1 And now the second commandment of the teaching. 2 You shall not murder, you shall not commit adultery (= Exodus 20.13-14; Deuteronomy 5.17-18), you shall not engage in pederasty, you shall not engage in sexual immorality. you shall not steal (= Exodus 20.15; Deuteronomy 5.19), you shall not practice magic, you shall not use enchanted potions, you shall not abort a fetus or kill a child that is born. 3 You shall not desire [οὐκ ἐπιθυμήσεις] what belongs to your neighbor (= Exodus 20.17; Deuteronomy 5.21), you shall not commit perjury, you shall not give false testimony, you shall not speak insults, you shall not bear grudges. 4 You shall not be of two minds or speak from both sides of your mouth, for speaking from both sides of your mouth is a deadly trap. 5 Your word must not be empty or false. 6 You shall not be greedy, rapacious, hypocritical, spiteful, or haughty. You shall not entertain a wicked plot against your neighbor. 7 You shall not hate anyone, but reprove some, pray for others, and love still others more than yourself.
There is also this enlightening extension of loving one's neighbor/brother:
1QS, columns 5-6, lines 24b-26, 1-2a: 1.24b One should reproach 25 one another in truth, in meekness and in compassionate love for one’s fellow man. ~ No one should speak to his brother in anger or muttering, 26 or with a hard [neck or with passionate] spirit of wickedness, and he should not detest him [in the fore]sk[in] of his heart, but instead reproach him that day so as not 2.1 to incur a sin because of him. And in addition, no one should raise a matter against his fellow in front of the many unless it is with reproof in the presence of witnesses. In this way 2a shall they behave in all their places of residence.
CD-A, column 9, lines 1-4: 1 ~ «Every man who vows anyone else to destruction» (= Leviticus 27.29) shall be executed according to the laws of the gentiles. 2 And what he said, «Do not avenge yourself or bear resentment against the sons of your people» (= Leviticus 19.18), everyone of those brought to 3 the covenant who brings an accusation against his fellow, unless it is with reproach before witnesses, 4 or brings it when he is angry, or tells it to his elders so that they might despise him, he is «the one who avenges himself and bears resentment.»
Matthew 18.15-18: 15 “If your brother sins, go and show him his fault in private; if he listens to you, you have won your brother. 16 But if he does not listen to you, take one or two more with you, so that by the mouth of two or three witnesses every fact may be confirmed (= Deuteronomy 19.15). 17 If he refuses to listen to them, tell it to the church; and if he refuses to listen even to the church, let him be to you as a Gentile and a tax collector. 18 Truly I say to you, whatever you bind on earth shall have been bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall have been loosed in heaven.”
CD-A, column 9, lines 1-4: 1 ~ «Every man who vows anyone else to destruction» (= Leviticus 27.29) shall be executed according to the laws of the gentiles. 2 And what he said, «Do not avenge yourself or bear resentment against the sons of your people» (= Leviticus 19.18), everyone of those brought to 3 the covenant who brings an accusation against his fellow, unless it is with reproach before witnesses, 4 or brings it when he is angry, or tells it to his elders so that they might despise him, he is «the one who avenges himself and bears resentment.»
Matthew 18.15-18: 15 “If your brother sins, go and show him his fault in private; if he listens to you, you have won your brother. 16 But if he does not listen to you, take one or two more with you, so that by the mouth of two or three witnesses every fact may be confirmed (= Deuteronomy 19.15). 17 If he refuses to listen to them, tell it to the church; and if he refuses to listen even to the church, let him be to you as a Gentile and a tax collector. 18 Truly I say to you, whatever you bind on earth shall have been bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall have been loosed in heaven.”
And of course there are allusions to the Shema without the part about loving God:
Philo, The Decalogue 14.64: 64 Let us, therefore, reject all such impious dishonesty, and not worship those who are our brothers by nature, even though they may have received a purer and more immortal essence than ourselves (for all created things are brothers to one another, inasmuch as they are created; since the Father of them all is one, the Creator of the universe); but let us rather, with our mind and reason, and with all our strength, gird ourselves up vigorously and energetically to the service of that Being who is uncreated and everlasting, and the maker of the universe, never shrinking or turning aside from it, nor yielding to a desire of pleasing the multitude, by which even those who might be saved are often destroyed.
Philo, The Special Laws 1.5.30: 30 On this account, Moses, being well aware that pride had by that time advanced to a very high pitch of power, and that it was well guarded by the greater part of mankind, and that too not from compulsion but of their own accord, and fearing lest those men who are admirers of uncorrupted and genuine piety may be carried away as by a torrent, stamped a deep impression on the minds of men, engraving piety on them, in order that the impression he thus made might not become confused or weakened, so as at last to become wholly effaced by time. And he is constantly prophesying and telling his people that there is one God, the creator and maker of the universe; and at other time he teaches them that he is the Lord of all created things, since all that is firm, and solid, and really stable and sure, is by nature so framed as to be connected with him alone.
Pseudo-Philo, Biblical Antiquities 23.2: 2 And when all the people were gathered together on the sixteenth day of the third month before the face of the Lord in Sylo with their wives and their children, Jesus/Joshua said to them, “Hear, O Israel [audi, Israel]. Behold, I make with you the covenant of this Law which the Lord ordained with our fathers in Horeb, and therefore tarry here this night and see what God will say to me concerning you.”
Anonymous, Orphica, lines 9-12: 9 There is an ancient saying about him: 10 “He is one” (= Deuteronomy 6.4), self completing, and all things completed by him. 11 In them he himself circulates. But no one has seen him 12 with the souls mortals have; he is seen [only] by mind.
Apocalypse of Elijah 2.9-10: It will come to pass in those days that he will command a p[eace] and a [vain] gift in Egypt. 10 [He will] give peace to these who are holy, [saying,], “The name of [God] is one.”
1 Corinthians 8.4-6: 4 Therefore concerning the eating of things sacrificed to idols, we know that there is no such thing as an idol in the world, and that there is no God but one. 5 For even if there are so called gods whether in heaven or on earth, as indeed there are many gods and many lords, 6 yet for us there is but one God, the Father, from whom are all things and we exist for Him; and one Lord, Jesus Christ, by whom are all things, and we exist through Him.
Barnabas 9.2: 2a Again he says, "Hear, Ο Israel, for thus says the Lord your God [ἄκουε, Ἰσραήλ, ὅτι τάδε λέγει κύριος ὁ θεός σου]" (= Deuteronomy 6.5; Jeremiah 7.2-3).
Philo, The Special Laws 1.5.30: 30 On this account, Moses, being well aware that pride had by that time advanced to a very high pitch of power, and that it was well guarded by the greater part of mankind, and that too not from compulsion but of their own accord, and fearing lest those men who are admirers of uncorrupted and genuine piety may be carried away as by a torrent, stamped a deep impression on the minds of men, engraving piety on them, in order that the impression he thus made might not become confused or weakened, so as at last to become wholly effaced by time. And he is constantly prophesying and telling his people that there is one God, the creator and maker of the universe; and at other time he teaches them that he is the Lord of all created things, since all that is firm, and solid, and really stable and sure, is by nature so framed as to be connected with him alone.
Pseudo-Philo, Biblical Antiquities 23.2: 2 And when all the people were gathered together on the sixteenth day of the third month before the face of the Lord in Sylo with their wives and their children, Jesus/Joshua said to them, “Hear, O Israel [audi, Israel]. Behold, I make with you the covenant of this Law which the Lord ordained with our fathers in Horeb, and therefore tarry here this night and see what God will say to me concerning you.”
Anonymous, Orphica, lines 9-12: 9 There is an ancient saying about him: 10 “He is one” (= Deuteronomy 6.4), self completing, and all things completed by him. 11 In them he himself circulates. But no one has seen him 12 with the souls mortals have; he is seen [only] by mind.
Apocalypse of Elijah 2.9-10: It will come to pass in those days that he will command a p[eace] and a [vain] gift in Egypt. 10 [He will] give peace to these who are holy, [saying,], “The name of [God] is one.”
1 Corinthians 8.4-6: 4 Therefore concerning the eating of things sacrificed to idols, we know that there is no such thing as an idol in the world, and that there is no God but one. 5 For even if there are so called gods whether in heaven or on earth, as indeed there are many gods and many lords, 6 yet for us there is but one God, the Father, from whom are all things and we exist for Him; and one Lord, Jesus Christ, by whom are all things, and we exist through Him.
Barnabas 9.2: 2a Again he says, "Hear, Ο Israel, for thus says the Lord your God [ἄκουε, Ἰσραήλ, ὅτι τάδε λέγει κύριος ὁ θεός σου]" (= Deuteronomy 6.5; Jeremiah 7.2-3).
But Deuteronomy 6.5 and Leviticus 19.18 really seem to do a number on early Christianity; diverse authors claim that these two commandments, or sometimes only one of them, will sum up everything else, every other law. Entire catenae of sayings are wrapped around them, or around related concepts like loving one's enemy. Matthew 5.27-28, which I quoted in my post about the Tenth Commandment (lust/desire), is completely surrounded in the Sermon on the Mount by materials about loving one's brother or neighbor. There are similar sayings from the Qumran documents, probably because of the valuable role that loving one's neighbor can fill as a basis for building a community.
Anyway, these are matters I have been thinking about lately, for better or for worse.
