evidence for the influence of galatians on 1 peter

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gryan
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evidence for the influence of galatians on 1 peter

Post by gryan »

1 peter 1
4[and] into an inheritance [that is] imperishable, undefiled, and unfading, reserved in heaven for you,
εἰς κληρονομίαν ἄφθαρτον καὶ ἀμίαντον καὶ ἀμάραντον τετηρημένην ἐν οὐρανοῖς εἰς ὑμᾶς
gal 3
18For if the inheritance depends on [the] Law, [then it] no longer depends on a promise; but God freely granted [it] to Abraham through a promise.
18εἰ γὰρ ἐκ νόμου ἡ κληρονομία οὐκέτι ἐξ ἐπαγγελίας τῷ δὲ Ἀβραὰμ δι’ ἐπαγγελίας κεχάρισται ὁ Θεός
Gal 4
7So you are no longer a slave, but a son; and since [you are] a son, [you are] also an heir through God. 7ὥστε οὐκέτι εἶ δοῦλος ἀλλὰ υἱός εἰ δὲ υἱός καὶ κληρονόμος διὰ Θεοῦ

an inheritance [that is] imperishable vs perishableness Gal 6
8The [one] who sows to please his flesh, from the flesh will reap perishableness;
but the [one] who sows to please the Spirit, from the Spirit will reap eternal life.
8ὅτι ὁ σπείρων εἰς τὴν σάρκα ἑαυτοῦ ἐκ τῆς σαρκὸς θερίσει φθοράν ὁ δὲ σπείρων εἰς τὸ Πνεῦμα ἐκ τοῦ Πνεύματος θερίσει ζωὴν αἰώνιον
james 4
1What [causes] conflicts and quarrels among you? Don’t [they] [come] from [the] passions at war within you? 1Πόθεν πόλεμοι καὶ πόθεν μάχαι ἐν ὑμῖν οὐκ ἐντεῦθεν ἐκ τῶν ἡδονῶν ὑμῶν τῶν στρατευομένων ἐν τοῖς μέλεσιν ὑμῶν

1 peter 1
5who through faith [are] protected by God’s power for [the] salvation [that is] ready to be revealed in [the] last time.
5τοὺς ἐν δυνάμει Θεοῦ φρουρουμένους διὰ πίστεως εἰς σωτηρίαν ἑτοίμην ἀποκαλυφθῆναι ἐν καιρῷ ἐσχάτῳ
Gal 3
23Before [this] faith came, we were held in custody under the Law, locked up until faith should be revealed. 23Πρὸ τοῦ δὲ ἐλθεῖν τὴν πίστιν ὑπὸ νόμον ἐφρουρούμεθα συνκλειόμενοι εἰς τὴν μέλλουσαν πίστιν ἀποκαλυφθῆναι

1 Peter 2:11
Beloved, I urge [you],
as foreigners and exiles, to abstain from
[the] desires of the flesh,
which war against [your] soul.
Ἀγαπητοί παρακαλῶ
ὡς παροίκους καὶ παρεπιδήμους ἀπέχεσθαι
τῶν σαρκικῶν ἐπιθυμιῶν
αἵτινες στρατεύονται κατὰ τῆς ψυχῆς


Gal 5:16
So I say, walk by [the] Spirit, and you will not gratify [the] desires [of the] flesh.
Λέγω δέ Πνεύματι περιπατεῖτε καὶ ἐπιθυμίαν σαρκὸς οὐ μὴ τελέσητε


on "war" cf. James 4
1What [causes] conflicts and quarrels among you? Don’t [they] [come] from [the] passions at war within you? 1Πόθεν πόλεμοι καὶ πόθεν μάχαι ἐν ὑμῖν οὐκ ἐντεῦθεν ἐκ τῶν ἡδονῶν ὑμῶν τῶν στρατευομένων ἐν τοῖς μέλεσιν ὑμῶν

16[Live] in freedom, [but] do not use [your] freedom as a cover-up for evil;
[live] as servants of God.
16ὡς ἐλεύθεροι καὶ μὴ ὡς ἐπικάλυμμα ἔχοντες τῆς κακίας τὴν ἐλευθερίαν
ἀλλ’ ὡς Θεοῦ δοῦλοι
gal 5
13For you are called "brothers" on condition of freedom; but [do] not [use] [your] freedom as a base of operations for attack against the flesh. Rather, serve one another in love. (tr. my own)
13Ὑμεῖς γὰρ ἐπ’ ἐλευθερίᾳ ἐκλήθητε ἀδελφοί μόνον μὴ τὴν ἐλευθερίαν εἰς ἀφορμὴν τῇ σαρκί
ἀλλὰ διὰ τῆς ἀγάπης δουλεύετε ἀλλήλοις


24[He] Himself bore our sins in His body on the tree,
so that we might die to sin [and] live to righteousness.
“By [His] stripes you are healed.”
24ὃς τὰς ἁμαρτίας ἡμῶν αὐτὸς ἀνήνεγκεν ἐν τῷ σώματι αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὸ ξύλον
ἵνα ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις ἀπογενόμενοι τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ ζήσωμεν Οὗ τῷ μώλωπι ἰάθητε

Gal 3
13Christ redeemed us from the curse of the Law by becoming a curse for us. For it is written:
“Cursed [is] everyone who is hung on a tree.”
13Χριστὸς ἡμᾶς ἐξηγόρασεν ἐκ τῆς κατάρας τοῦ νόμου γενόμενος ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν κατάρα ὅτι γέγραπται Ἐπικατάρατος πᾶς ὁ κρεμάμενος ἐπὶ ξύλου

Cf. ἐπὶ ξύλουs in speeches of Peter in Acts

Acts 5:29
But Peter and the other apostles replied, “We must obey God rather than men. 30The God of our fathers raised up Jesus, whom you had killed by hanging Him on a tree (ἐπὶ ξύλου).

Acts 10:39 ἐπὶ ξύλου
We [are] witnesses of all that He did, both in the land of the Jews and in Jerusalem. And although they put [Him] to death by hanging [Him] on a tree,
Καὶ ἡμεῖς μάρτυρες πάντων ὧν ἐποίησεν ἔν τε τῇ χώρᾳ τῶν Ἰουδαίων καὶ [ἐν] Ἰερουσαλήμ ὃν καὶ ἀνεῖλαν κρεμάσαντες ἐπὶ ξύλου

1 peter 3
6just as Sarah obeyed Abraham [and] called him lord. You are [her] children if you do what is right and refuse to quiver in fear.
6ὡς Σάρρα ὑπήκουσεν τῷ Ἀβραάμ κύριον αὐτὸν καλοῦσα ἧς ἐγενήθητε τέκνα ἀγαθοποιοῦσαι καὶ μὴ φοβούμεναι μηδεμίαν πτόησιν
Gal 4
26But the Jerusalem above is free, [and she] is our mother.
26ἡ δὲ ἄνω Ἰερουσαλὴμ ἐλευθέρα ἐστίν ἥτις ἐστὶν μήτηρ ἡμῶν


1 peter 4
3For [you have spent] enough time in the past carrying out the same desires as the gentiles: living in debauchery, lust, drunkenness, orgies, carousing, and detestable idolatry.
3ἀρκετὸς γὰρ ὁ παρεληλυθὼς χρόνος τὸ βούλημα τῶν ἐθνῶν κατειργάσθαι πεπορευμένους ἐν ἀσελγείαις ἐπιθυμίαις οἰνοφλυγίαις κώμοις πότοις καὶ ἀθεμίτοις εἰδωλολατρίαις
Gal 5
19The acts of the flesh are obvious: sexual immorality, impurity, [and] debauchery;
19Φανερὰ δέ ἐστιν τὰ ἔργα τῆς σαρκός ἅτινά ἐστιν πορνεία ἀκαθαρσία ἀσέλγεια
20idolatry [and] sorcery; hatred, discord, jealousy, [and] rage; rivalries, divisions, factions,
20εἰδωλολατρία φαρμακεία ἔχθραι ἔρις ζῆλος θυμοί ἐριθεῖαι διχοστασίαι αἱρέσεις

Notes from Foster, Literary Relations, for argument that Galatians influenced 1 Peter.
Last edited by gryan on Sat Feb 18, 2023 9:25 am, edited 2 times in total.
gryan
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Re: evidence for the influence of galatians on 1 peter

Post by gryan »

gryan
Posts: 1120
Joined: Fri Jun 01, 2018 4:11 am

Re: evidence for the influence of galatians on 1 peter

Post by gryan »

1 Peter 1:23-25
For you have been born again,
not of perishable sowing,
but of imperishable, through [the] living and enduring word of God.
ἀναγεγεννημένοι
οὐκ ἐκ σπορᾶς (from noun, σπορά, a sowing/verb, σπείρω to sow) φθαρτῆς
ἀλλὰ ἀφθάρτου
διὰ λόγου ζῶντος Θεοῦ καὶ μένοντος

For, “All flesh [is] like grass, and all its glory like [the] flowers of the field; the grass withers and the flowers fall,
διότι Πᾶσα σὰρξ ὡς χόρτος καὶ πᾶσα δόξα αὐτῆς ὡς ἄνθος χόρτου ἐξηράνθη ὁ χόρτος καὶ τὸ ἄνθος ἐξέπεσεν

but the word of [the] Lord stands forever...
τὸ δὲ ῥῆμα Κυρίου μένει εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα...

Gal 2:16b
because all flesh will not be made righteous by works of the Law.
ὅτι ἐξ ἔργων νόμου οὐ δικαιωθήσεται πᾶσα σάρξ

Gal 6:
The [one] who sows to please his flesh,
from the flesh will reap destruction;
but the [one] who sows to please the Spirit,
from the Spirit will reap eternal life.
ὅτι ὁ σπείρων εἰς τὴν σάρκα ἑαυτοῦ
ἐκ τῆς σαρκὸς θερίσει φθοράν
ὁ δὲ σπείρων εἰς τὸ Πνεῦμα
ἐκ τοῦ Πνεύματος θερίσει ζωὴν αἰώνιον

1 Peter 2:5a and 7
you also, like living stones, are being built into a spiritual house to [be] a holy priesthood...
καὶ αὐτοὶ ὡς λίθοι ζῶντες οἰκοδομεῖσθε οἶκος πνευματικὸς εἰς ἱεράτευμα ἅγιον...

To you who believe, then, [this stone] is precious.
But [to those who] do not believe,
“[The] stone the builders rejected has become the cornerstone,”
Ὑμῖν οὖν ἡ τιμὴ τοῖς πιστεύουσιν
ἀπιστοῦσιν δὲ
Λίθος ὃν ἀπεδοκίμασαν οἱ οἰκοδομοῦντες οὗτος ἐγενήθη εἰς κεφαλὴν γωνίας

Gal 2:18
If I rebuild what I have already torn down, I prove myself [to be] a lawbreaker.
εἰ γὰρ ἃ κατέλυσα ταῦτα πάλιν οἰκοδομῶ παραβάτην ἐμαυτὸν συνιστάνω


Gal 6:1
Brothers, if someone is caught in a trespass,
you who are spiritual should restore him with a spirit of gentleness.
[But] watch yourself, or you also may be tempted.
Ἀδελφοί ἐὰν καὶ προλημφθῇ ἄνθρωπος ἔν τινι παραπτώματι ὑμεῖς
οἱ πνευματικοὶ καταρτίζετε τὸν τοιοῦτον ἐν πνεύματι πραΰτητος σκοπῶν σεαυτόν μὴ καὶ σὺ πειρασθῇς


1 Peter 5:10
And [after you] have suffered for a little while, the God of all grace, who has called you to His eternal glory in Christ, will Himself restore [you], secure [you], strengthen [you], [and] establish [you].
Ὁ δὲ Θεὸς πάσης χάριτος ὁ καλέσας ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν αἰώνιον αὐτοῦ δόξαν ἐν Χριστῷ [Ἰησοῦ] ὀλίγον παθόντας αὐτὸς καταρτίσει στηρίξει σθενώσει θεμελιώσει
gryan
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Re: evidence for the influence of galatians on 1 peter

Post by gryan »

In the NT, the "in Christ" phrase is used only by Paul and 1 Peter

1 Peter 3:16
keeping a clear conscience, so that those who slander you will be put to shame by your good behavior
in Christ.
συνείδησιν ἔχοντες ἀγαθήν ἵνα ἐν ᾧ καταλαλεῖσθε καταισχυνθῶσιν οἱ ἐπηρεάζοντες ὑμῶν τὴν ἀγαθὴν
ἐν Χριστῷ ἀναστροφήν

1 Peter 5:10
And [after you] have suffered for a little while, the God of all grace, who has called you to His eternal glory
in Christ, will Himself restore [you], secure [you], strengthen [you], [and] establish [you].
Ὁ δὲ Θεὸς πάσης χάριτος ὁ καλέσας ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν αἰώνιον αὐτοῦ δόξαν
ἐν Χριστῷ [Ἰησοῦ] ὀλίγον παθόντας αὐτὸς καταρτίσει στηρίξει σθενώσει θεμελιώσει

1 Peter 5:14
Greet one another with a kiss of love. Peace to all of you who [are] in Christ.
Ἀσπάσασθε ἀλλήλους ἐν φιλήματι ἀγάπης Εἰρήνη ὑμῖν πᾶσιν τοῖς ἐν Χριστῷ

Cf. τοῖς ἐν Χριστῷ Rom 8:1
Therefore, [there is] now no condemnation for those who [are] in Christ Jesus.
ὐδὲν ἄρα νῦν κατάκριμα τοῖς ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ
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Irish1975
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Re: evidence for the influence of galatians on 1 peter

Post by Irish1975 »

gryan wrote: Sat Feb 18, 2023 8:12 am In the NT, the "in Christ" phrase is used only by Paul and 1 Peter

1 Peter 3:16
keeping a clear conscience, so that those who slander you will be put to shame by your good behavior
in Christ.
συνείδησιν ἔχοντες ἀγαθήν ἵνα ἐν ᾧ καταλαλεῖσθε καταισχυνθῶσιν οἱ ἐπηρεάζοντες ὑμῶν τὴν ἀγαθὴν
ἐν Χριστῷ ἀναστροφήν

1 Peter 5:10
And [after you] have suffered for a little while, the God of all grace, who has called you to His eternal glory
in Christ, will Himself restore [you], secure [you], strengthen [you], [and] establish [you].
Ὁ δὲ Θεὸς πάσης χάριτος ὁ καλέσας ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν αἰώνιον αὐτοῦ δόξαν
ἐν Χριστῷ [Ἰησοῦ] ὀλίγον παθόντας αὐτὸς καταρτίσει στηρίξει σθενώσει θεμελιώσει

1 Peter 5:14
Greet one another with a kiss of love. Peace to all of you who [are] in Christ.
Ἀσπάσασθε ἀλλήλους ἐν φιλήματι ἀγάπης Εἰρήνη ὑμῖν πᾶσιν τοῖς ἐν Χριστῷ

Cf. τοῖς ἐν Χριστῷ Rom 8:1
Therefore, [there is] now no condemnation for those who [are] in Christ Jesus.
ὐδὲν ἄρα νῦν κατάκριμα τοῖς ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ
That's a really important piece of evidence, gryan. I appreciate the whole analysis.

I have been thinking a lot about the reception history of Galatians, both inside and outside the NT.

Following the Kirsopp Lake (Oxford Historical Theology Committee) study of the "apostolic fathers" literature, maybe some of the genetic connections can be mapped out.

(1) Polycarp is the only father with definite echoes of Galatians. Anyhow the only "B" rating in the Oxford study.
(2) Ignatius has only a poor knowledge of Galatian tropes, and 1 Clement hardly any.
(3) All the rest--Barnabas, 2 Clement, Didache, Hermas--are entirely innocent of Galatians.
(4) 1 Peter knows Galatians, and Polycarp knows both 1 Peter and Galatians.
(5) Remarkably, Polycarp is also the only father who betrays knowledge of 1 Peter.

There is a critical axis of influence that begins with Galatians, proceeds to 1 Peter, and then proceeds to Polycarp and the Pastorals. Maybe these are the most important texts for studying the catholic appropriation of the Marcionite-Pauline tradition.
gryan
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Re: evidence for the influence of galatians on 1 peter

Post by gryan »

@ Irish1975

Yes, I was able to find more on patristic reception history here:
https://www.studylight.org/commentaries ... tians.html

On this thread, however, I'm focusing on the influence of Galatians in the NT.

Re: "a critical axis of influence that begins with Galatians, proceeds to 1 Peter"

1 Peter influenced Epistle to the Hebrews, as demonstrated by Elizabeth A. Myers, an independent scholar with a PHD:

Intertextual Borrowing between 1 Peter and Hebrews: Probability of Literary Dependence and the Most Likely Direction of Borrowing Paperback – December 7, 2020
https://www.amazon.com/Intertextual-Bor ... 1953133045

------------

My general thesis is that Galatians has been misread in ways that make it look less influential than it was. Better readings of the grammar of Galatians results in the discovery of more literary echos in such books as 1 Peter (esp. 5:9), Hebrews, Acts, Mark, Matthew and James.
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