Stephan Huller's recent interview by Jacob Berman

Discussion about the New Testament, apocrypha, gnostics, church fathers, Christian origins, historical Jesus or otherwise, etc.
Secret Alias
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Re: Stephan Huller's recent interview by Jacob Berman

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ὁ δὲ μικρὸν ἐπισχὼν εὐτυχίαν εἶπεν ἡ φαντασία σοι καταγγέλλει καὶ τῆς προτέρας ἀνάληψιν ἀρχῆς· αἱ γὰρ τρεῖς ῥίζαι τῆς ἀμπέλου τρεῖς ἡμέρας ὑπογράφουσι, μεθ' ἃς ὑπομνησθήσεταί σου ὁ βασιλεὺς καὶ μεταπεμψάμενος ἐνθένδε παρέξει μὲν ἀμνηστίαν, ἐπιτρέψει δὲ τῆς αὐτῆς μεταποιεῖσθαι τάξεως, καὶ ὑπὲρ βεβαιώσεως τῆς ἀρχῆς οἰνοχοήσεις ἀναδοὺς ἔκπωμα τῷ δεσπότῃ. καὶ ὁ μὲν ἐγεγήθει ταῦτ' [93] ἀκούσας. ὁ δ' ἀρχισιτοποιὸς ἀποδεξάμενος τὴν διάκρισιν, ὡς καὶ αὐτὸς εὐτυχὲς ὄναρ ἰδών ‑ ἦν δ' οὐ μετρίως παλίμφημον ‑ , ἀπατηθεὶς ταῖς ἑτέρου χρησταῖς ἐλπίσι φησίν· ἀλλὰ κἀγὼ κανηφορεῖν ἔδοξα καὶ τρία πλήρη κανᾶ πεμμάτων κομίζειν ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς, τὸ δ' ἀνωτάτω πλῆρες εἶναι παντοίων γενῶν, οἷς ἔθος ἐστὶ χρῆσθαι τὸν βασιλέα ‑ ποικίλας δ' εἶναι τὰς πρὸς δίαιταν βασιλικὴν σιτοπόνων περιεργίας ‑ , ὄρνεις δὲ καθιπταμένους ἁρπάζειν ἀπὸ τῆς κεφαλῆς καὶ ἀπλήστως ἐμφορεῖσθαι, μέχρις οὗ πάντ' ἀναλῶσαι καὶ μηδὲν τῶν εὐτρεπισθέντων ὑπολιπέσθαι. [94] ὁ δὲ ἐβουλόμην μὲν εἶπε μὴ παραστῆναί σοι τὴν φαντασίαν ἢ φανεῖσαν ἡσυχασθῆναι ἤ, εἰ καὶ διηγεῖτό τις, μακρὰν γοῦν, ἵνα μὴ κατακούσαιμι, τῶν ἐμῶν ὤτων γενέσθαι τὴν διήγησιν· ὀκνῶ τε γάρ, εἰ καί τις ἄλλος, εἶναι κακῶν ἄγγελος συναλγῶ τε τοῖς ἐν συμφοραῖς, [95] ἕνεκα φιλανθρωπίας οὐχ ἥκιστα τῶν ὑπομενόντων ὀδυνώμενος. ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ τοῖς ὀνείρων κριταῖς ἀληθεύειν ἀναγκαῖον θεῖα λόγια διερμηνεύουσι καὶ προφητεύουσι, λέξω μηδὲν ὑποστειλάμενος· ἀψευδεῖν γὰρ ἐπὶ μὲν [96] πάντων ἄριστον, ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν θείων ἀποφθεγμάτων καὶ ὁσιώτατον. τὰ τρία κανᾶ σύμβολον τριῶν ἡμερῶν ἐστιν· ἐπισχὼν ταύτας ὁ βασιλεὺς ἀνασκολοπισθῆναί σε καὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν ἀποτμηθῆναι κελεύσει καὶ καταπτάμενα ὄρνεα τῶν σῶν εὐωχηθήσεται σαρκῶν, ἄχρις ἂν ὅλος ἐξαναλωθῇς. [97] καὶ ὁ μὲν ὥσπερ εἰκὸς συγχυθεὶς ἀνατέτραπτο, καραδοκῶν τὴν ὁρισθεῖσαν προθεσμίαν καὶ τῇ διανοίᾳ τὰς ἀνίας προσδεχόμενος. ὡς δ' αἱ τρεῖς ἡμέραι διῆλθον, γενέθλιος ἐπέστη τοῦ βασιλέως, ἐν ᾗ πάντες οἱ κατὰ τὴν χώραν ἐπανηγύριζον, διαφερόντως δ' οἱ περὶ τὰ βασίλεια. [98] ἑστιωμένων οὖν τῶν ἐν τέλει καὶ τῆς θεραπείας εὐωχουμένης ὥσπερ ἐν δημοθοινίᾳ, τῶν κατὰ τὸ δεσμωτήριον εὐνούχων ὑπομνησθεὶς ἀχθῆναι κελεύει καὶ θεασάμενος τἀκ τῆς τῶν ὀνείρων διακρίσεως ἐπισφραγίζεται, προστάξας τὸν μὲν ἀνασκολοπισθῆναι τὴν κεφαλὴν ἀποτμηθέντα, τῷ δὲ τὴν ἀρχὴν ἣν διεῖπε πρότερον ἀπονεῖμαι. [99]    Καταλλαγεὶς δὲ ὁ ἀρχιοινοχόος ἐκλανθάνεται τοῦ τὰς καταλλαγὰς προειπόντος καὶ ἕκαστα τῶν συμπεσόντων ἀτυχημάτων ἐπικουφίσαντος, ἴσως μὲν ἐπειδὴ πᾶς ἀχάριστος ἀμνήμων ἐστὶν εὐεργετῶν, ἴσως δὲ καὶ κατὰ πρόνοιαν θεοῦ βουληθέντος τὰς εὐπραγίας τῷ νεανίᾳ [100] μὴ δι' ἀνθρώπου γενέσθαι μᾶλλον ἢ δι' ἑαυτοῦ. μετὰ γὰρ διετῆ χρόνον τῷ βασιλεῖ τὰ μέλλοντα τῇ χώρᾳ συμβαίνειν ἀγαθὰ καὶ κακὰ διτταῖς φαντασίαις δι' ὀνείρου θεσπίζεται ταὐτὸν ὑποσημαινούσαις ἕνεκα βεβαιοτέρας [101] πίστεως. ἔδοξε γὰρ ἑπτὰ βόας ἀνέρπειν ἐκ τοῦ ποταμοῦ, πίονας καὶ σφόδρα εὐσάρκους καὶ καλὰς ὀφθῆναι, καὶ παρὰ ταῖς ὄχθαις νέμεσθαι· μεθ' ἃς ἑτέρας ἀριθμὸν ἴσας, ἀσάρκους τρόπον τινὰ καὶ κατεσκελετευμένας καὶ εἰδεχθεστάτας, ἀνελθεῖν καὶ συννέμεσθαι ταῖς προτέραις· εἶτ' ἐξαπιναίως ὑπὸ τῶν χειρόνων καταβρωθῆναι τὰς ἀμείνους καὶ μηδὲν ἀλλὰ μηδὲ τὸ βραχύτατον ταῖς ἐμφορηθείσαις πρὸς ὄγκον ἐπιδοῦναι τὰς [102] γαστέρας, ἀλλ' ἢ μᾶλλον ἢ οὐχ ἧττον ἐστάλθαι. περιαναστὰς δὲ καὶ κοιμηθεὶς πάλιν ἑτέρᾳ πληχθῆναι φαντασίᾳ· νομίσαι γὰρ ἑπτὰ πυροῦ στάχυς ἐκπεφυκότας ἑνὸς πυθμένος, ἰσαιτάτους τοῖς μεγέθεσιν, αὐξομένους καὶ τεθηλότας αἴρεσθαι πρὸς ὕψος μάλ' εὐρώστους· εἶθ' ἑτέρους ἑπτὰ λεπτοὺς καὶ ἀσθενεῖς ἀναπεφυκέναι πλησίον, ὑφ' ὧν ἐπιδραμόντων [103] καταποθῆναι τὸν εὔσταχυν πυθμένα. ταύτην ἰδὼν τὴν ὄψιν, τὸ λειπόμενον τῆς νυκτὸς ἄυπνος διατελέσας ‑ ἤγειρον γὰρ αἱ φροντίδες κεντοῦσαι καὶ τιτρώσκουσαι ‑ , μεταπέμπεται τοὺς σοφιστὰς ἅμα τῇ ἕῳ καὶ [104] τὴν φαντασίαν διηγεῖται. μηδενὸς δὲ στοχασμοῖς εἰκόσι τἀληθὲς ἰχνηλατῆσαι δυναμένου, παρελθὼν ὁ ἀρχιοινοχόος φησίν· ὦ δέσποτα, τὸν ἄνδρα ὃν ζητεῖς ἐλπίς ἐστιν εὑρήσειν· ἁμαρτόντας ἐμὲ καὶ τὸν ἀρχισιτοποιὸν ἐκέλευσας εἰς τὸ δεσμωτήριον ἀπαχθῆναι, ἐν ᾧ τοῦ ἀρχιμαγείρου θεράπων ἦν Ἑβραῖος, ᾧτινι διηγησάμεθα ἐγώ τε κἀκεῖνος ὀνείρατα τὰ φανέντα ἡμῖν· ὁ δ' οὕτως εὐθυβόλως καὶ εὐσκόπως διέκρινεν, ὡς ὅσα προεῖπεν ἑκατέρῳ συμβῆναι, τῷ μὲν ἣν ὑπέμεινε τιμωρίαν, [105] ἐμοὶ δὲ τὸ σοῦ τυχεῖν ἵλεω καὶ εὐμενοῦς. ὁ μὲν οὖν βασιλεὺς ἀκούσας προστάττει συντείναντας ἀνακαλεῖν τὸν νεανίαν. οἱ δ' ἀποκείραντες ‑ βαθεῖαι γὰρ ἦσαν αὐτῷ χαῖται καθειργμένῳ κεφαλῆς καὶ γενείου ‑ καὶ ἀντὶ ῥυπώσης λαμπρὰν ἐσθῆτα ἀντιδόντες καὶ τἄλλα [106] φαιδρύναντες εἰσάγουσιν αὐτὸν πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα· ὃς ἐκ τῆς ὄψεως τεκμηράμενος ἄνδρα ἐλεύθερον καὶ εὐγενῆ ‑ χαρακτῆρες γὰρ ἐπιφαίνονταί τινες τῷ σώματι τῶν ὁρωμένων οὐχ ὁρατοὶ πᾶσιν, ἀλλ' οἷς τὸ τῆς διανοίας ὄμμα ὀξυδορκεῖ ‑ μαντεύεται εἶπεν ἡ ψυχή μου περὶ τοῦ μὴ εἰς ἅπαν ἀσαφείᾳ τοὺς ὀνείρους ἐπισκιασθήσεσθαι· δεῖγμα γὰρ σοφίας ὁ νεανίας οὗτος ὑποφαίνει, διακαλύψει τὴν ἀλήθειαν, οἷα φωτὶ σκότος ἐπιστήμῃ τὴν ἀμαθίαν τῶν παρ' ἡμῖν σοφιστῶν ἀποσκεδάσει. [107] καὶ τοὺς ὀνείρους διηγεῖτο. ὁ δὲ τἀξίωμα τοῦ λέγοντος οὐδὲν καταπλαγεὶς ὥσπερ ὑπηκόῳ βασιλεύς, ἀλλ' οὐχ ὑπήκοος βασιλεῖ, παρρησίᾳ σὺν αἰδοῖ χρώμενος διελέγετο καί φησιν· ὅσα μέλλει ποιεῖν ὁ θεὸς ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ, προμεμήνυκέ σοι. τὰς μέντοι διττὰς φαντασίας μὴ ὑπολάβῃς εἶναι διττοὺς ὀνείρους· εἷς ἐστι, τὴν ἀναδίπλωσιν ἔχων οὐ περιττήν, [108] ἀλλὰ πρὸς ἔλεγχον βεβαιοτέρας πίστεως. αἵ τε γὰρ πίονες ἑπτὰ βόες καὶ οἱ εὔβλαστοι καὶ εὐθαλεῖς ἑπτὰ στάχυες ἐνιαυτοὺς ἑπτὰ δηλοῦσιν εὐθηνίας καὶ εὐετηρίας καὶ ἑπτὰ ἑτέρους λιμοῦ αἱ ἐπανιοῦσαι ἑπτὰ βόες λεπταὶ καὶ εἰδεχθεῖς καὶ οἱ παρεφθαρμένοι καὶ μεμυκότες ἑπτὰ στάχυες.

And Joseph, pausing for awhile, said, "Thy vision announces good fortune to thee, and a recovery of thy former situation; for the three roots of the vine signify figuratively three days, after which the king will remember thee, and will send for thee from hence, and will pardon thee, and will permit thee to resume thy former rank, and shalt again pour him out wine for confirmation of thy authority, and shalt give the cup into thy master's hand." And the chief butler rejoiced when he heard these things.

XVIII. And the chief baker, gladly receiving this interpretation, and rejoicing in the idea that he too had seen a favourable dream (though his dream was of a very contrary character), being deceived by the fair hopes which were held out to the other, spoke as follows:—"And I, too, fancied that I was carrying a basket, and that I was holding three baskets full of cakes upon my head. And the upper basket was full of all sorts of cakes which the king was accustomed to eat; and there were in it confections and delicacies of all kinds imaginable for the king's food: and the birds flew down and took them from off my head, and devoured them insatiably till they had eaten them all up; and none of the things which I had so skilfully prepared were left." Joseph replied, "I wish that the vision had not appeared to you, or that, having appeared, it had been concealed in silence; or that, if any one would speak of it, he had done so at a distance, so that I might not have heard him, and that his account had been given out of the reach ot my ears, for I disliked to bs a messenger of evil: for sympathise with those who are in distress, being greatly grieved at what befalls them by reason of my own humanity. But since interpreters of dreams are bound to speak the truth, since they are interpreters of the divine oracles, and prophets of the divine will, I will explain your dream to you, and conceal nothing; for to speak truly is in every case the best thing, and is, moreover, the most holy of all holy speeches. The three baskets are a symbol of three days: and after three days the king will command you to be crucified, and your head to be cut off, and the birds will fly down and feast upon your flesh, until you are wholly devoured." And the chief baker, as was natural, was confused at this, and cast down greatly, expecting the fate which was thus denounced against him, and being full of misery in his mind. But when the three days had passed, the king's birth-day came, on which all the natives of the country made an assembly and a feast, and especially those in the king's palace. Therefore, while the magistrates were feasting, and while all the household and all the servants were revelling as in a public banquet, the king, remembering his eunuchs who were in prison, commanded them to be brought; and when he had seen them he confirmed the interpretation of their dreams which Joseph had given, ordering one of them to be crucified, and to have his head cut off, and restoring to the other the office which he had formerly enjoyed.
XIX. But the chief butler, after he was released, forgot him who had foretold his release to him, and who had alleviated all the misfortunes which had befallen him, perhaps, indeed, because every ungrateful man is forgetful of benefits, and perhaps, too, because of the providence of God, who designed that the prosperity of the young man should not be owing to man, but rather to himself; for after two years he, by means of a dream, and by two visions, predicted to the king the good and evil which was about to happen to his land, each of the visions indicating the same thing, so as to produce a firmer belief in them. For he thought that seven oxen were coming slowly up out of the river, fat and very well fleshed, beautiful to look upon, and that they began to feed by the river; after which seven others, equal in number, destitute of flesh in a strange degree, and very lean, came up, exceedingly ill-favoured, and they too fed alongside of the others. Then, on a sudden the better oxen were devoured by the inferior ones, and yet those who ate them were in none, not even in the very slightest degree, increased in bulk in their bodies, but were still leaner than before, or, at all events, not less lean; and when he had awakened and gone to sleep a second time, he had a second vision appear to him; for he thought that seven ears of wheat sprang up from one root, equal in magnitude, and that they grew and flourished, and rose up to a height with great vigour; and then that seven other ears, thin and weak, grew up near them, and the root with good ears was devoured by the weak ears when they too had grown up. Seeing this sight he remained sleepless all the rest of the night, for cares stinging and wounding him kept him awake, and at dawn he sent for the sophists and related his dream; and as none of them was able, by any probable conjectures, to trace out the truth, the chief butler came forward and said, "O master, there is a hope that you may find the man whom you are seeking; for when I and the chief baker had done evil against you you ordered us to be committed to prison; and in that prison there was a servant of the chief cook, a Hebrew, to whom both the chief baker and I related some dreams which had appeared to us, and he answered them with such felicity and accuracy of interpretation, that all that he foretold to either of us came to pass, the punishment to the chief baker, which was appointed to him, and I found you favourable and merciful to me."

οἱ δὲ συννοίας καὶ κατηφείας γεμισθέντες ἐκάκιζον ἑαυτοὺς ἕνεκα τῆς πρὸς τὸν ἀδελφὸν ἐπιβουλῆς ἐκεῖνο λέγοντες τἀδίκημα τῶν παρόντων ἐστὶ κακῶν αἴτιον, τῆς ἐφόρου δίκης τῶν ἀνθρωπείων πραγμάτων ἤδη τι μηχανωμένης καθ' ἡμῶν· βραχὺν γὰρ ἡσυχάσασα χρόνον διανίσταται τὴν ἀμείλικτον καὶ ἀπαραίτητον αὑτῆς [171] ἐπιδεικνυμένη φύσιν τοῖς ἀξίοις κολάσεως. πῶς γὰρ οὐκ ἄξιοι; οἳ δεόμενον καὶ ποτνιώμενον τὸν ἀδελφὸν οἱ ἀνηλεεῖς ὑπερείδομεν οὐδὲν μὲν ἐξαμαρτόντα, φαντασίας δὲ τὰς καθ' ὕπνον διὰ τὸ φιλοίκειον ὡς συνήθεσιν ἀνενεγκόντα, ὑπὲρ ὧν οἱ θηριωδέστατοι καὶ πάντων ἀγριώτατοι δυσχεραίνοντες ἡμεῖς οὐχ ὅσια ‑ δεῖ γὰρ ἀψευδεῖν ‑ εἰργασάμεθα.

And on the next day he sent, the first thing in the morning, for the steward of his household, and commanded him to fill all the sacks of the men which they had brought with them with corn, and a second time to put back in the mouths of their sacks the price which they had brought with them, and to pat in the sack of the youngest the most beautiful of his silver caps out of which he himself was accustomed to drink; and he cheerfully did as he was commanded, taking care that no one was a witness of his actions. And they, not knowing any of the things which had been done thus secretly, departed, rejoicing in all the good fortune which had befallen them beyond all their expectations; for what they had expected was this, to have a false accusation laid against them, as if they had stolen the money which had been restored to them, and never to recover their brother whom they had left as a hostage, and perhaps also, besides that, to lose their youngest brother who would be seized upon by force by the man who had been so determined that he should be brought. But what had happened to them was better than their most sanguine prayers, since, in addition to having no false accusations laid against them, they had also been admitted to the bread and salt of the governor, which among all men is a token of genuine friendship, and had also recovered their brother without his having received any injury, without having had recourse to the intercession and entreaty of any mediator, and were also taking back their youngest brother in safety to their father, having escaped all suspicion of being spies, and bearing with them an abundant quantity of food, and having good and well-founded hopes for the future, for they thought that even if necessary food was repeatedly to fail them, they should never again themselves be in exceeding want as before, but might return joyfully to the governor of the country as to a friend and not a stranger.

φιλεῖ γὰρ ἐν ταῖς ἀναπαύλαις τῶν σωμάτων ἐναργεστέρας τῶν ἀβουλήτων ἡ διάνοια λαμβάνουσα φαντασίας χαλεπῶς ἄγαν θλίβεσθαι καὶ πιέζεσθαι.

Meanwhile, he surprised them in the evening and they removed the load from the beasts, relieving them of the burden, but they themselves felt their burden of pain even more serious in their soul; in fact it happens that when the body rests, the mind takes a clearer vision of adversity and feels very severely tormented and oppressed
ΠΕΡΙ ΤΟΥ ΒΙΟΥ ΜΩΥΣΕΩΣ ΛΟΓΟΣ ΠΡΩΤΟΣ
ὁ δὲ ἰλυσπώμενος ἔτι κατὰ τὴν ἐπαφὴν ἵσταται καὶ πρὸς μῆκος εὖ μάλα ταθεὶς εὐθὺς εἰς βακτηρίαν μετεστοιχειοῦτο τὴν αὐτήν, ὡς θαυμάζειν μὲν τὰς μεταβολὰς ἀμφοτέρας, ποτέρα δὲ καταπληκτικωτέρα, μὴ δύνασθαι διακρίνειν, τῆς ψυχῆς ἰσορρόπῳ πληχθείσης φαντασίᾳ.

Now the tokens were as follows. The rod which Moses held in his hand God ordered him to throw down on the ground; and immediately it received life, and crawled along, and speedily became the most powerful of all the animals which want feet, namely an immense serpent, complete in all its parts. And when Moses retreated from the beast, and out of fear was on the point of taking to flight, he was called back again; and when God laid his commands upon him, and inspired him with courage, he laid hold of it by the tail; (78) and the serpent, though still crawling onwards, stopped at his touch, and being stretched out at its full length again returned to its original elements and because the same rod as before, so that Moses marvelled at both the changes, not knowing which was the most wonderful; as he was unable to decide between them, his soul being overwhelmed with these appearances of equal strangeness. This now was the first sign. The second miraculous token was afforded to him at no great distance of time. God commanded him to put one of his hands in his bosom and hide it there, and a moment afterwards to draw it out again. And when he had done what he was commanded, his hand in a moment appeared whiter than snow. Again, when he had put his hand a second time into his bosom, and had a second time drawn it forth, it returned to its original complexion, and resumed its proper appearance.

ἐπιλίποι ἂν ὁ βίος τοῦ βουλομένου διηγεῖσθαι τὰ καθ' ἕκαστα, μᾶλλον δ' ἕν τι τῶν ὁλοσχερεστέρων τοῦ κόσμου μερῶν, κἂν εἰ μέλλοι πάντων ἀνθρώπων ἔσεσθαι μακροβιώτατος. ἀλλὰ ταῦτα μὲν πρὸς ἀλήθειαν ὄντα θαυμάσια καταπεφρόνηται τῷ συνήθει· τὰ δὲ μὴ ἐν ἔθει, κἂν μικρὰ ᾖ, ξέναις φαντασίαις ἐνδιδόντες καταπληττόμεθα τῷ φιλοκαίνῳ.

And the whole of a man's life would be too short if he wished to enumerate all the separate instances of such things, or even to detail fully all that is to be seen in one complete portion of the world; aye, if he were to be the most longlived man that has ever been seen. But all these things, though they are in truth really wonderful, are despised by us by reason of our familiarity with them. But the things to which we are not accustomed, even though they may be unimportant, still make an impression upon us from our love of novelty, while we yield to strange ideas concerning them.

ταῦτα κατιδόντες εἰς ἀκριβεστέραν κατάληψιν ἐπέμενον ‑ ὀλισθηρὸν γὰρ αἱ πρῶται φαντασίαι χρόνῳ μόλις ἐνσφραγιζόμεναι ‑ καὶ ἅμα σπουδὴν ἐποιοῦντο δρεψάμενοι τῶν ἀκροδρύων, μὴ ἄρτι πρῶτον στεριφουμένων ἀλλ' ἤδη ὑποπερκαζόντων, [231] ἐπιδείξασθαι παντὶ τῷ πλήθει τὰ μὴ ῥᾳδίως φθαρησόμενα.

When they had seen thus much they waited to get a more accurate knowledge of everything: for first impressions are not trustworthy, but require the slow confirmation of time. They also took great care to gather specimens of the productions of the land, though they were not as yet ripe and solid, but only just beginning to be properly coloured, that they might show them to all the multitude, for which reason they selected such as would not be easily spoiled;

καὶ οἱ μὲν ἥκοντες ἐπανῄεσαν ἄπρακτοι πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα, ἕτεροι δ' εὐθὺς ἐπὶ τὴν αὐτὴν χρείαν ἐχειροτονοῦντο τῶν δοκιμωτέρων, πλείω μὲν ἐπιφερόμενοι χρήματα, περιττοτέρας δὲ [268] δωρεὰς ὑπισχνούμενος. δελεασθεὶς δὲ καὶ τοῖς ἤδη προτεινομένοις καὶ ταῖς μελλούσαις ἐλπίσι καὶ τὸ ἀξίωμα τῶν παρακαλούντων καταιδεσθεὶς ἐνεδίδου, πάλιν προφασιζόμενος τὸ θεῖον οὐκ ἐφ' ὑγιεῖ· τῇ γοῦν ὑστεραίᾳ παρεσκευάζετο τὴν ἔξοδον ὀνείρατα διηγούμενος, ὑφ' ὧν ἔλεγε πληχθεὶς ἐναργέσι φαντασίαις ἀναγκάζεσθαι μηκέτι μένειν, ἀλλὰ τοῖς [269] πρέσβεσιν ἀκολουθεῖν.

And Balaam, being allured by the gifts which were already proffered to him, and also by the hopes for the future which they held out to him, and being influenced also by the rank of those who invited him, began to yield, again alleging the commands of the Deity as his excuse, but no longer with sincerity. Accordingly, on the next day he prepared for his departure, relating some dreams by which he said he had been influenced, affirming that he had been compelled by their manifest visions not to remain, but to follow the ambassadors.

φησὶν ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὁ ἀληθινῶς ὁρῶν, ὅστις καθ' ὕπνον ἐναργῆ φαντασίαν εἶδε θεοῦ τοῖς τῆς ψυχῆς ἀκοιμήτοις ὄμμασιν. ὡς καλοί σου οἱ οἶκοι, στρατιὰ Ἑβραίων, αἱ σκηναί σου ὡς νάπαι σκιάζουσαι, ὡς παράδεισος ἐπὶ ποταμοῦ, ὡς [290] κέδρος παρ' ὕδατα.

Therefore, turning to the wilderness, he saw the Hebrews encamped in their tribes, and he saw their numbers and their array, and admired it as being like the order of a city rather than of a camp, and, becoming inspired, he again spoke. (289) What, then, said the man who saw truly, who in his sleep saw a clear vision of God with the ever open and sleepless eyes of his soul? "How goodly are thy abodes, O army of Hebrews; they tents are shady as groves, as a paradise on the bank of a river, as a cedar by the waters. (290) A man shall hereafter come forth out of thee who shall rule over many nations, and his kingdom shall increase every day and be raised up to heaven.
ΠΕΡΙ ΤΟΥ ΒΙΟΥ ΜΩΥΣΕΩΣ ΛΟΓΟΣ ΔΕΥΤΕΡΟΣ
ἴσα τε γὰρ ὡς οἱ λίθοι τό τε ὑπὲρ γῆν καὶ ὑπὸ γῆν καὶ οὐδέτερον πέφυκε μειοῦσθαι [123] καὶ συναύξεσθαι καθάπερ σελήνη. συνεπιμαρτυρεῖ δὲ καὶ ἡ χρόα· σμαράγδῳ γὰρ ἔοικεν ἡ τοῦ παντὸς οὐρανοῦ φαντασία κατὰ τὴν τῆς ὄψεως προσβολήν

And the colour of the stars is an additional evidence in favour of my view; for to the glance of the eye the appearance of the heaven does resemble an emerald; and it follows necessarily that six names are engraved on each of the stones, because each of the hemispheres cuts the zodiac in two parts, and in this way comprehends within itself six animals.

τοῦ γὰρ [236] γεννήσαντος ὁ νόμιμος ἄρχων οἰκειότερος ὑπηκόοις. ὁ δὲ θαυμάσας τὴν φρόνησιν τῶν παρθένων καὶ τὴν πρὸς τὸν γεινάμενον εὔνοιαν ἐπέσχεν ὑφ' ἑτέρας ἑλκόμενος φαντασίας, καθ' ἣν τὰς κληρουχίας ἄνδρες ὤφειλον διανέμεσθαι γέρας ληψόμενοι στρατείας καὶ πολέμων οὓς διήθλησαν, γυναικὶ δ' ἡ φύσις ἀσυλίαν τῶν τοιούτων ἀγωνισμάτων παρέχουσα δηλονότι καὶ τῶν ἐπ' αὐτοῖς τιθεμένων ἄθλων οὐ μεταδίδωσιν

And they said to Moses, "Our father is dead; and he died without having been mixed up in any of those seditions in which it has happened that so many thousands have been slain; but he was a cultivator of a life free from trouble and notoriety; unless, indeed, it is to be considered as a crime that he was without male offspring. And we are now here orphans in appearance, but in real fact desiring to find a father in you; for a lawful ruler is as closely connected with his subjects as a Father."{4}{#nu 27:4.}

μολύβδου τρόπον εἰς βυθὸν χωροῦσιν. ὑμεῖς μὲν ἔτι ζώντων αἰσθάνεσθε, τεθνεώτων δ' ἐγὼ φαντασίαν λαμβάνω

But be ye of good cheer; do not faint; stand still without wavering in your minds; await the invincible assistance of God; it will be present immediately of its own accord; it will fight in our behalf without being seen. Before now you have often had experience of it, defending you in an invisible manner. I see it now preparing to take part in the contest; casting halters round the necks of the enemy, who are now, as if violently dragged onward, going down into the depths of the sea like lead. You now see them while still alive; but I conceive the idea of them as dead. And this very day you yourselves shall also behold them Dead."{5}{#ex 15:1.}

ἅπερ ἰδὼν Μωυσῆς εἰκότως ἐπὶ τοῖς ἀπειθέσι πικραίνεται· πῶς γὰρ οὐκ ἔμελλεν, εἰ τοσαῦτα καὶ τηλικαῦτα θεασάμενοι, πρὸς μὲν τὰς πιθανὰς καὶ εὐλόγους φαντασίας ἀδύνατα πραχθῆναι, τελειωθέντα δὲ εὐμαρῶς ἐπιφροσύναις θείαις, οὐκ ἐνδοιάζουσι μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀπιστοῦσιν [262] οἱ δυσμαθέστατοι πάντων

And Moses, when he saw this, was naturally indignant with those who were thus disobedient; for how could he help being so, when those who had beheld such numerous and great actions which could not possibly be perverted into mere fictitious and well contrived appearances, but which had been easily accomplished by the divine providence, did not only doubt, but even absolutely disbelieved, and were the hardest of all man to be convinced?
ΠΕΡΙ ΤΩΝ ΔΕΚΑ ΛΟΓΩΝ ΟΙ ΚΕΦΑΛΑΙΑ ΝΟΜΩΝ ΕΙΣΙΝ
[2] πρὸς δὲ τοὺς ἀποροῦντας, τί δή ποτε οὐκ ἐν πόλεσιν ἀλλ' ἐν ἐρήμῳ βαθείᾳ τοὺς νόμους ἐτίθει, λεκτέον πρῶτον μέν, ὅτι αἱ πολλαὶ τῶν πόλεων ἀμυθήτων κακῶν εἰσι μεσταί, καὶ τῶν πρὸς τὸ θεῖον ἀνοσιουργημάτων [3] καὶ τῶν πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἀδικημάτων. οὐδὲν γάρ ἐστιν ὃ μὴ κεκιβδήλευται, τὰ γνήσια τῶν νόθων παρευημερούντων καὶ τἀληθῆ τῶν εἰκότων, ἃ φύσει μὲν κατέψευσται, πιθανὰς δ' ὑποβάλλει φαντασίας [4] πρὸς ἀπάτην.

And to those who raise the question why the lawgiver gave his laws not in cities but in the deep desert, we must say, in the first place, that the generality of cities are full of unspeakable evils, and of acts of audacious impiety towards the Deity, and of injustice on the part of the citizens to one another; (3) for there is nothing which is wholly free from alloy, what is spurious getting the better of what is genuine, and what is plausible of what is true; which things in their nature are false, but which suggest plausible imaginations to the engendering of deceit in cities

ἐπ' οὐδενὶ δ' οὕτω προνομίας ἔτυχεν ἢ τῷ μάλιστα τὸν ποιητὴν καὶ πατέρα τῶν ὅλων ἐμφαίνεσθαι δι' αὐτῆς· ὡς γὰρ διὰ κατόπτρου φαντασιοῦται ὁ νοῦς θεὸν δρῶντα καὶ κοσμοποιοῦντα καὶ τῶν ὅλων ἐπιτροπεύοντα.

For all these reasons, and more besides, the number seven is honoured. But there is no one cause on account of which it has received its precedence so completely, as because it is by its means that the Creator and Father of the universe is most especially made manifest; for the mind beholds God in this as in a mirror, acting, and creating the world, and managing the whole universe.

διὸ τῶν μὲν ἄλλων ἕκαστον θύραθεν ἐπεισιὸν καὶ προσπῖπτον ἔξωθεν ἀκούσιον εἶναι δοκεῖ, μόνη δ' ἐπιθυμία τὴν [143] ἀρχὴν ἐξ ἡμῶν αὐτῶν λαμβάνει καὶ ἔστιν ἑκούσιος. τί δ' ἐστὶν ὃ λέγω; τοῦ παρόντος καὶ νομισθέντος ἀγαθοῦ φαντασία διεγείρει καὶ διανίστησι τὴν ψυχὴν ἠρεμοῦσαν καὶ σφόδρα μετέωρον ἐξαίρει καθάπερ ὀφθαλμοὺς φῶς ἀναστράψαν· καλεῖται δὲ τουτὶ τὸ πάθος αὐτῆς ἡδονή.

But what is it that I am saying? The appearance and idea of a present good, or of one that is accounted such, rouses up and excites the soul which was previously in a state of tranquillity, and raises it to a high degree of elation, like a light suddenly flashing before the eyes; and this passion of the soul is called pleasure.
ΠΕΡΙ ΤΩΝ ΕΝ ΜΕΡΕΙ ΔΙΑΤΑΓΜΑΤΩΝ ΠΕΡΙ ΤΩΝ ΑΝΑΦΕΡΟΜΕΝΩΝ ΕΝ ΕΙΔΕΙ ΝΟΜΩΝ ΕΙΣ ΔΥΟ ΚΕΦΑΛΑΙΑ ΤΩΝ ΔΕΚΑ ΛΟΓΙΩΝ, ΤΟ ΤΕ ΜΗ ΝΟΜΙΖΕΙΝ ΕΞΩ ΤΟΥ ΕΝΟΣ ΘΕΟΥΣ ΕΤΕΡΟΥΣ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΕΙΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΟ ΜΗ ΧΕΙΡΟΚΜΗΤΑ ΘΕΟΠΛΑΣΤΕΙΝ
φαντασίας δ' ἀληθοῦς δεύτερά ἐστιν εἰκασία καὶ στοχασμὸς καὶ ὅσα εἰς τὴν τῶν [39] εὐλόγων καὶ πιθανῶν ἰδέαν ἀνάγεται. καθάπερ οὖν οἷός ἐστι τῶν ἀστέρων ἕκαστος κατὰ τὴν οὐσίαν εἱλικρινῶς οὔτ' εἰδότες οὔτε δυνάμενοι σαφῶς διαγνῶναι ζητεῖν ὅμως προθυμούμεθα, τερπόμενοι τοῖς εἰκόσι [40] λόγοις ἕνεκα τοῦ φύσει φιλομαθοῦς, τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον, εἰ καὶ τῆς κατὰ τὸν ὄντως ὄντα θεὸν ἐναργοῦς φαντασίας ἀμοιροῦμεν, ὀφείλομεν μὴ ἀπολείπεσθαι τῆς ζητήσεως αὐτοῦ, διὰ τὸ τὴν σκέψιν καὶ ἄνευ τῆς εὑρέσεως καθ' αὑτὴν τριπόθητον εἶναι, ἐπεὶ καὶ τοὺς τοῦ σώματος ὀφθαλμοὺς οὐδεὶς αἰτιᾶται, παρόσον ἥλιον αὐτὸν ἰδεῖν ἀδυνατοῦντες τὴν φερομένην ἀπόρροιαν τῶν ἀκτίνων ἐπὶ γῆν ὁρῶσιν, ἡλιακῶν αὐγῶν ἔσχατον [41] φέγγος

Again, even if it is very difficult to ascertain and very hard properly to comprehend, we must still, as far as it is possible, investigate the nature of his essence; for there is no employment more excellent than that of searching out the nature of the true God, even though the discovery may transcend all human ability, since the very desire and endeavour to comprehend it is able by itself to furnish indescribable pleasures and delights. (37) And the witnesses of this fact are those who have not merely tasted philosophy with their outermost lips, but who have abundantly feasted on its reasonings and its doctrines; for the reasoning of these men, being raised on high far above the earth, roams in the air, and soaring aloft with the sun, and moon, and all the firmament of heaven, being eager to behold all the things that exist therein, finds its power of vision somewhat indistinct from a vast quantity of unalloyed light being poured over it, so that the eye of his soul becomes dazzled and confused by the splendour. (38) But he does not on that account faint and renounce the task which he has undertaken, but goes on with invincible determination towards the sight which he considers attainable, as if he were a competitor at the games, and were striving for the second prize, though he has missed the first. And guess and conjecture are inferior to true perception, as are all those notions which are classed under the description of reasonable and plausible opinions. (39) Though, therefore, we do not know and cannot accurately ascertain what each of the stars is as to its pure and real essence, still we are eager to investigate the subject, delighting in probable reasonings, because of the fondness for learning which is implanted in our nature. (40) And so in the same way, though we cannot attain to a distinct conception of the truly living God, we still ought not to renounce the task of investigating his character, because even if we fail to make the discovery, the very search itself is intrinsically useful and an object of deserved ambition; since no one ever blames the eyes of the body because they are unable to look upon the sun itself, and therefore shrink from the brilliancy which is poured upon them from its beams, and therefore look down upon the earth, shrinking from the extreme brilliancy of the rays of the sun.

ταῦτα ἀκούσας ἐπὶ δευτέραν ἱκεσίαν ἦλθε καί φησι· πέπεισμαι μὲν ταῖς σαῖς ὑφηγήσεσιν, ὅτι οὐκ ἂν ἴσχυσα δέξασθαι τὸ τῆς σῆς φαντασίας ἐναργὲς εἶδος. ἱκετεύω δὲ τὴν γοῦν περὶ σὲ δόξαν θεάσασθαι (Exod. 33, 18)·

Which that interpreter of the divine word, Moses, the man most beloved by God, having a regard to, besought God and said, "Show me thyself"--all but urging him, and crying out in loud and distinct words--"that thou hast a real being and existence the whole world is my teacher, assuring me of the fact and instructing me as a son might of the existence of his father, or the work of the existence of the workman. But, though I am very desirous to know what thou art as to thy essence, I can find no one who is able to explain to me anything relating to this branch of learning in any part of the universe whatever. (42) On which account, I beg and entreat of thee to receive the supplication of a man who is thy suppliant and devoted to God's service, and desirous to serve thee alone; for as the light is not known by the agency of anything else, but is itself its own manifestation, so also thou must alone be able to manifest thyself. For which reason I hope to receive pardon, if, from want of any one to teach me, I am so bold as to flee to thee, desiring to receive instruction from thyself." (43) But God replied, "I receive, indeed, your eagerness, inasmuch as it is praiseworthy; but the request which you make is not fitting to be granted to any created being. And I only bestow such gifts as are appropriate to him who receives them; for it is not possible for a man to receive all that it is easy for me to give. On which account I give to him who is deserving of my favour all the gifts which he is able to receive. (44) But not only is the nature of mankind, but even the whole heaven and the whole world is unable to attain to an adequate comprehension of me. So know yourself, and be not carried away with impulses and desires beyond your power; and let not a desire of unattainable objects carry you away and keep you in suspense. For you shall not lack anything which may be possessed by you." (45) When Moses heard this he betook himself to a second supplication, and said, "I am persuaded by thy explanations that I should not have been able to receive the visible appearance of thy form. But I beseech thee that I may, at all events, behold the glory that is around thee. And I look upon thy glory to be the powers which attend thee as thy guards, the comprehension of which having escaped me up to the present time, worketh in me no slight desire of a thorough understanding of it." (46) But God replied and said, "The powers which you seek to behold are altogether invisible, and appreciable only by the intellect; since I myself am invisible and only appreciable by the intellect. And what I call appreciable only by the intellect are not those which are already comprehended by the mind, but those which, even if they could be so comprehended, are still such that the outward senses could not at all attain to them, but only the very purest intellect.

ἐπιστάμενος γοῦν τῷ πλάνῳ τῶν πολλῶν βίῳ συμπράττουσαν οὐ μετρίως εἰς ἀνοδίαν μαντικήν, οὐδενὶ τῶν εἰδῶν αὐτῆς ἐᾷ χρῆσθαι, πάντας δὲ τοὺς κολακεύοντας αὐτὴν ἐλαύνει τῆς ἰδίου πολιτείας, θύτας, καθαρτάς, οἰωνοσκόπους, [61] τερατοσκόπους, ἐπᾴδοντας, κλῃδόσιν ἐπανέχοντας. στοχασταὶ γὰρ πάντες οὗτοι πιθανῶν καὶ εἰκότων, ἄλλοτε ἄλλας ἀπὸ τῶν αὐτῶν φαντασίας λαμβάνοντες, διὰ τὸ μήτε τὰ ὑποκείμενα φύσιν ἔχειν πάγιον μήτε τὴν διάνοιαν ἀκριβῆ βάσανον περιπεποιῆσθαι, ᾗ βασανισθήσεται τὰ [62] δόκιμα.

And the most sacred Moses appears to have preserved the same object and intention in all other cases whatever, being a lover and also a teacher of truth, which he desires to stamp and to impress upon all his disciples, expelling all false opinions, and compelling them to settle far from their minds. (60) At all events, knowing that the act of divination co-operates in no slight degree with the errors of the lives of the multitude, so as to lead them out of the right way, he did not suffer his disciples to use any species of it whatever, but drove all who paid it any observance far from his everlasting constitution, and banished all sacrificers and purifiers, and augurs, and soothsayers, and enchanters, and men who applied themselves to the art of prophesying from sounds; (61) for all these men are but guessers at what is probable and likely, at different times adopting different notions from the same appearances, because the subjects of their art have no stable and constant character, and because the intellect has never devised any accurate test by which those opinions which are approved may be examined.

τὴν τοῦ ἥπατος φύσιν μετέωρον καὶ λειοτάτην οὖσαν [καὶ] διὰ λειότητα φανοτάτου κατόπτρου λόγον ἔχειν συμβέβηκεν, ἵν' ἐπειδὰν τῶν ἡμερινῶν φροντίδων ἀναχωρήσας ὁ νοῦς, ὕπνῳ μὲν παρειμένου τοῦ σώματος, μηδεμιᾶς δὲ τῶν αἰσθήσεων ἱσταμένης ἐμποδών, ἀνακυκλεῖν αὑτὸν ἄρξηται καὶ τὰ νοήματα καθαρῶς ἐφ' αὑτοῦ σκοπεῖν, οἷα εἰς κάτοπτρον ἀποβλέπων τὸ ἧπαρ ἕκαστα εἱλικρινῶς καταθεᾶται τῶν νοητῶν καὶ περιβλεπόμενος ἐν κύκλῳ τὰ εἴδωλα, μή τι πρόσεστιν αἶσχος, [ἵνα] τὸ μὲν φύγῃ, τὸ δ' ἐναντίον ἕληται, καὶ πάσαις ταῖς φαντασίαις εὐαρεστήσας προφητεύῃ διὰ τῶν ὀνείρων τὰ μέλλοντα.

We must also add to what has been here said, that the nature of the liver being a lofty character and very smooth, by reason of its smoothness is looked upon as a very transparent mirror, so that when the mind, retreating from the cares of the day (while the body is lying relaxed in sleep, and while no one of the outward senses is any hindrance or impediment), begins to roll itself about, and to consider the objects of its thought by itself without any interruption, looking into the liver as into a mirror, it then sees, very clearly and without any alloy, every one of the proper objects of the intellect, and looking round upon all vain idols, and seeing that no disgrace can accrue to it, but taking care to avoid that and to choose the contrary, and being contented and pleased with all that it sees, it by dreams obtains a prophetic sight of the future.

καὶ οἱ μὲν τὸ λογικόν, ὃ δὴ νοῦς ἐστι, διεκληρώσαντο, οἱ δὲ [334] τὸ ἄλογον, ὅπερ εἰς τὰς αἰσθήσεις τέμνεται. οἱ μὲν οὖν τοῦ νοῦ προστάται τὴν ἡγεμονίαν καὶ βασιλείαν τῶν ἀνθρωπείων πραγμάτων ἀνάπτουσιν αὐτῷ καί φασιν ἱκανὸν εἶναι καὶ τὰ παρεληλυθότα μνήμῃ διασῴζειν καὶ τῶν παρόντων ἐρρωμένως ἀντιλαμβάνεσθαι καὶ τὰ μέλλοντα [335] εἰκότι στοχασμῷ φαντασιοῦσθαί τε καὶ λογίζεσθαι.

and the one class has appropriate the rational part, which is the mind, and the other the irrational part which is again subdivided into the outward senses; (334) therefore, the champions of the mind attribute to it the predominance in and supreme authority over all human affairs, and affirm that it is able to preserve all past things in its recollection, and to comprehend all present things with great vigour, and to divine the future by probable conjecture; (335) for this is the faculty which sowed and planted all the fertile soil in both the mountainous and champaign districts of the earth, and which invented agriculture, the most useful of all sciences for human life. This also is the faculty which surveyed the heaven, and by a proper contemplation of it made the earth accessible to ships by an ingenuity beyond all powers of description;
ΠΕΡΙ ΤΩΝ ΑΝΑΦΕΡΟΜΕΝΩΝ ΕΝ ΕΙΔΕΙ ΝΟΜΩΝ ΕΙΣ ΤΡΙΑ ΓΕΝΗ ΤΩΝ ΔΕΚΑ ΛΟΓΙΩΝ, ΤΟ ΤΡΙΤΟΝ, ΤΟ ΤΕΤΑΡΤΟΝ, ΤΟ ΠΕΜΠΤΟΝ· ΤΟ ΠΕΡΙ ΕΥΟΡΚΙΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΣΕΒΑΣΜΟΥ ΤΗΣ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΕΒΔΟΜΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΓΟΝΕΩΝ ΤΙΜΗΣ
ἀλλὰ τῶν Μωυσέως ὁμιλητῶν ὅσοι φοιτηταὶ γνήσιοι καλοῖς ἐνασκούμενοι νομίμοις ἐκ πρώτης ἡλικίας ἐθίζονται τὰς ἐνδείας εὐμαρῶς ὑπομένειν διὰ τοῦ καὶ τὴν ἀρετῶσαν χώραν ἐᾶν ἀργήν, ἅμα καὶ μεγαλοφροσύνην ἀναδιδασκόμενοι καὶ τὰς ὁμολογουμένας προσόδους μόνον οὐκ ἐκ τῶν χειρῶν ἑκουσίῳ [89] γνώμῃ μεθιέναι. τρίτον κἀκεῖνο αἰνίττεσθαί μοι δοκεῖ, τὸ μηδενὶ προσήκειν τὸ παράπαν ἀνθρώπους ἄχθει βαρύνειν καὶ πιέζειν· εἰ γὰρ τοῖς μέρεσι τῆς γῆς, ἃ μήτε ἡδονῆς μήτε ἀλγηδόνος πέφυκε κοινωνεῖν, μεταδοτέον ἀναπαύλης, πῶς οὐχὶ μᾶλλον ἀνθρώποις, οἷς οὐ μόνον αἴσθησις πρόσεστιν ἡ κοινὴ καὶ τῶν ἀλόγων ζῴων, ἀλλὰ καὶ λογισμὸς ἐξαίρετος, ᾧ τὰ ἐκ πόνων καὶ καμάτων ὀδυνηρὰ τρανοτέραις φαντασίαις ἐντυποῦται

The third reason appears to me to be thus, which is intimated in a somewhat figurative manner, namely, to show that it does not become any one whatever to weigh down and oppress men with burdens; for if one is to allow a period of rest to the portions of the earth which cannot by nature have any share in the feelings of pleasure or of pain, how much the more must men be entitled to a similar relaxation, who have not only these outward senses, which are common to the brute beasts, but also the especial gift of reason, by which the painful feelings which arise from toil and fatigue, are more vividly imprinted on their imaginations?

ΠΕΡΙ ΤΩΝ ΑΝΑΦΕΡΟΜΕΝΩΝ ΕΝ ΕΙΔΕΙ ΝΟΜΩΝ ΕΙΣ ΔΥΟ ΓΕΝΗ ΤΩΝ ΔΕΚΑ ΛΟΓΙΩΝ, ΤΟ ΕΚΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΤΟ ΕΒΔΟΜΟΝ, ΤΟ ΚΑΤΑ ΜΟΙΧΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΠΑΝΤΟΣ ΑΚΟΛΑΣΤΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΤΟ ΚΑΤΑ ΑΝΔΡΟΦΟΝΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΠΑΣΗΣ ΒΙΑΣ

τὴν μὲν οὖν ἀληθῆ μαγικήν, ὀπτικὴν ἐπιστήμην οὖσαν, ᾗ τὰ τῆς φύσεως ἔργα τρανοτέραις φαντασίαις αὐγάζεται, σεμνὴν καὶ περιμάχητον δοκοῦσαν εἶναι, οὐκ ἰδιῶται μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ βασιλεῖς καὶ βασιλέων οἱ μέγιστοι καὶ μάλιστα οἱ Περσῶν διαπονοῦσιν οὕτως, ὥστ' οὐδένα φασὶν ἐπὶ βασιλείαν δύνασθαι παραπεμφθῆναι παρ' αὐτοῖς, εἰ μὴ πρότερον τοῦ μάγων γένους [101] κεκοινωνηκὼς τυγχάνοι.

Now the true magical art, being a science of discernment, which contemplates and beholds the books of nature with a more acute and distinct perception than usual, and appearing as such to be a dignified and desirable branch of knowledge, is studied not merely by private individuals, but even by kings, and the very greatest of kings, and especially by the Persian monarchs, to such a degree, that they say that among that people no one can possibly succeed to the kingdom if he has not previously been initiated into the mysteries of the magi.
ΠΕΡΙ ΤΩΝ ΑΝΑΦΕΡΟΜΕΝΩΝ ΕΝ ΕΙΔΕΙ ΝΟΜΩΝ ΕΙΣ ΤΡΙΑ ΓΕΝΗ ΤΩΝ ΔΕΚΑ ΛΟΓΙΩΝ, ΤΟ ΟΓΔΟΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΤΟ ΕΝΑΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΤΟ ΔΕΚΑΤΟΝ, ΤΟ ΠΕΡΙ ΤΟΥ ΜΗ ΚΛΕΠΤΕΙΝ ΚΑΙ ‹ΜΗ› ΨΕΥΔΟΜΑΡΤΥΡΕΙΝ ΚΑΙ ΜΗ ΕΠΙΘΥΜΕΙΝ, ΚΑΙ ΠΕΡΙ ΤΩΝ ΕΙΣ ΕΚΑΣΤΟΝ ΑΝΑΦΕΡΟΜΕΝΩΝ, ΚΑΙ ΠΕΡΙ ΔΙΚΑΙΟΣΥΝΗΣ, Η ΠΑΣΙ ΤΟΙΣ ΔΕΚΑ ΛΟΓΙΟΣ ΕΦΑΡΜΟΖΕΙ, Ο ΕΣΤΙ ΤΗΣ ΟΛΗΣ ΣΥΝΤΑΞΕΩΣ ‹ΤΕΛΟΣ›
Τρίτον παράγγελμα τῷ δικαστῇ τὰ πράγματα πρὸ τῶν κρινομένων ἐξετάζειν καὶ πειρᾶσθαι πάντα τρόπον ἀφέλκειν αὑτὸν τῆς τῶν δικαζομένων φαντασίας, εἰς ἄγνοιαν καὶ λήθην βιαζόμενον ὧν ἐπιστήμην εἶχε καὶ μνήμην, οἰκείων, φίλων, πολιτῶν, καὶ πάλιν ἀλλοτρίων, ἐχθρῶν, ξένων, ἵνα μήτε εὔνοια μήτε μῖσος ἐπισκιάσῃ τῶν δικαίων τὴν γνῶσιν

The third commandment given to a judge is to investigate the transactions themselves, in preference to showing any regard to the parties to the suit; and to attempt, in every imaginable manner, to separate himself from all respect of persons; constraining himself to an ignorance and forgetfulness of all those things of which he has any knowledge or recollection; such as relations, friends, countrymen or foreigners, enemies or hereditary connections, so that neither affection nor hatred may overshadow his knowledge of justice; for he must stumble like a blind man, who is advancing without a staff, and who has no one to guide him in whom he can rely firmly.

τὰ δίκαια, φησὶν ὁ νόμος, ἐντιθέναι δεῖ τῇ καρδίᾳ καὶ ἐξάπτειν εἰς σημεῖον ἐπὶ τῆς χειρὸς καὶ εἶναι σειόμενα πρὸ ὀφθαλμῶν, αἰνιττόμενος διὰ τοῦ προτέρου, ὅτι χρὴ μὴ ὠσὶν ἀπίστοις παρακατατίθεσθαι τὰ δίκαια ‑ πίστις γὰρ ἀκοαῖς οὐκ ἔνεστιν ‑ , ἀλλὰ τῷ ἡγεμονικωτάτῳ ‹τὰ› πάντων ἄριστα μαθημάτων ἐντυποῦν [138] καὶ ταῦτα χαράττοντα σφραγῖσι δοκίμοις· διὰ δὲ τοῦ δευτέρου τὸ μὴ μόνον ἐννοίας λαμβάνειν τῶν καλῶν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ δόξαντα πράττειν ἀνυπερθέτως ‑ ἡ γὰρ χεὶρ πράξεως σύμβολον, ἧς ἐξάπτειν καὶ ἐξαρτᾶν τὰ δίκαια προστάττει, σημεῖον ἔσεσθαι τοῦτο φάσκων, καὶ τίνος ἄντικρυς οὐ διείρηκε, διὰ τὸ μὴ ἑνός, ὥς γέ μοι δοκεῖ, πολλῶν [139] δὲ γενέσθαι καὶ σχεδὸν ἁπάντων ἐν οἷς ὁ ἀνθρώπινος βίος ‑ · διὰ δὲ τοῦ τρίτου τὸ ἀεὶ καὶ πανταχοῦ φαντασιοῦσθαι τὰ δίκαια καθάπερ ἐγγὺς ὄντα ὀφθαλμῶν· σάλον δ' ἐχέτω ταῦτα κινούμενα, φησίν, οὐχ ἵν' ἀβέβαια καὶ ἀνίδρυτα ‹ᾖ›, ἀλλ' ἵνα τῇ κινήσει τὴν ὄψιν ἐκκαλῇ πρὸς ἀρίδηλον θέαν· ὁράσεως γὰρ ἐπαγωγὸν κίνησις ἐξερεθίζουσα καὶ ἀνεγείρουσα μᾶλλον δ' ἀκοιμήτους καὶ ἐγρηγορότας κατασκευάζουσα ὀφθαλμούς. [140] ὅτῳ δ' ἐξεγένετο τυπώσασθαι ἐν τῷ τῆς ψυχῆς ὄμματι μὴ ἡσυχάζοντα ἀλλὰ κινούμενα καὶ ταῖς κατὰ φύσιν ἐνεργείαις χρώμενα, τέλειος ἀνὴρ ἀναγεγράφθω, μηκέτι ἐν τοῖς γνωρίμοις καὶ μαθηταῖς ἐξεταζόμενος, ἀλλ' ἐν διδασκάλοις καὶ ὑφηγηταῖς, καὶ παρεχέτω τοῖς ἐθέλουσιν ἀρύεσθαι τῶν νέων ὥσπερ ἀπὸ πηγῆς τῶν λόγων καὶ δογμάτων ἄφθονον νᾶμα· κἂν τῶν ἀτολμοτέρων τις ὑπ' αἰδοῦς μέλλῃ καὶ βραδύνῃ προσέρχεσθαι μαθησόμενος, αὐτὸς ἰὼν ἐπαντλείτω καὶ ἐποχετευέτω ταῖς ἀκοαῖς ἀθρόας ὑφηγήσεις, ἄχρις ἂν αἱ δεξαμεναὶ τῆς [141] ψυχῆς γεμισθῶσι. προδιδασκέτω δὴ τὰ δίκαια συγγενεῖς καὶ φίλους καὶ πάντας νέους οἴκοι καὶ ἐν ὁδῷ καὶ πρὸς κοίτην ἰόντας καὶ ἀνισταμένους, ἵν' ἐν πάσαις μὲν σχέσεσι καὶ κινήσεσιν, ἐν πᾶσι δὲ χωρίοις ἰδίοις τε καὶ δημοσίοις, μὴ μόνον ἐγηγορότες ἀλλὰ καὶ κοιμώνενοι, φαντασίαις τῶν δικαίων ἐνευφραίνωνται·

The law says, it is proper to lay up justice in one's heart, and to fasten it as a sign upon one's head, and as frontlets before one's eyes, figuratively intimating by the former expression that one ought to commit the precepts of justice, not to one's ears, which are not trustworthy, for there is no credit due to the ears, but to that most important and dominant part, stamping and impressing them on the most excellent of all offerings, a well approved seal; (138) and by the second expression, that it is necessary not only to form proper conceptions of what is right, but also to do what one has decided upon as proper without delay. For the hand is the symbol of actions, to which Moses here commands the people to attach and fasten justice, saying, that it shall be a sign, of what indeed he has not expressly stated, because it is not a sign as I conceive of one particular thing, but of many, and, I may almost say, of everything with which the life of man is concerned. (139) And by the third expression, he implies that justice is discerned everywhere as being close to the eyes. Moreover he says that, these things must have a certain motion; not one that shall be light and unsteady, but such as by its agitation may rouse the sight to the spectacle manifest before it; for motion is calculated to attract the sight, inasmuch as it excites and rouses it; of, I might rather say, inasmuch as it renders the eyes awake and sleepless. (140) But the man to whom it happens to represent to the eyes of his mind things which are not quiet but which are in motion, and exerting energies in accordance with nature, is entitled to be set down as a perfect man, and no longer to be reckoned among learners and pupils, but among teachers and instructors; and he ought to allow all the young men who are desirous to do so, to drink of his wisdom as of an abundant stream flowing from a living fountain of lessons and Doctrines.{34}{#de 6:7.} And if there is any one who, out of modesty, is wanting of courage, and therefore delays, and is slow to approach him for the purpose of learning, let him go to him of his own accord, and pour into his ears a collection of admonitions, until the channels of his soul are filled with them. (141) And let him instruct in the principles of justice all his relatives and friends, and all young men, at home and on the road, and when they are going to bed, and when they rise up; that in all their positions, and in all their motions, and in all places whether private or public, not only waking, but also while asleep, they may be delighted with the image and conception of justice. For there is no delight more exquisite than that which proceeds from the whole soul being entirely filled with justice, while devoted to the study of its everlasting doctrines and meditations, so that it has no vacant place at which injustice can effect an entrance.
ΠΕΡΙ ΑΡΕΤΩΝ ΑΣ ΣΥΝ ΑΛΛΑΙΣ ΑΝΕΓΡΑΨΕ ΜΩΥΣΗΣ ΗΤΟΙ ΠΕΡΙ ΑΝΔΡΕΙΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΕΥΣΕΒΕΙΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΦΙΛΑΝΘΡΩΠΙΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΜΕΤΑΝΟΙΑΣ
τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἡμέτερον, ὁμολογοῦμεν, γένος οὗ γενήσεται ἧττα, διὰ τὸ πᾶσι τοῖς εἰς μάχην τοὺς ἀντιπάλους ἐπικυδεστέρους εἶναι, τὸ δ' ὑμέτερον παντελῶς τὴν νίκην οἴσει καί, τὸ μέγιστον ἀγαθόν, τὰς δίχα κινδύνων ἀριστείας· ἀναιμωτὶ γάρ, μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ ἀκονιτί, κατὰ τὴν πρώτην[39] φαντασίαν αὐτὸ μόνον ὀφθεῖσαι περιέσεσθε. ταῦτ' ἀκούσασαι, καθαροῦ βίου μηδ' ὄναρ ᾐσθημέναι, παιδείας ὀρθῆς ἄγευστοι, συναινοῦσιν, ἅτε πεπλασμένον ἦθος σωφροσύνηςτὸν ἄλλον χρόνον καθυποκρινάμεναι, καὶ πολυτελέσιν ἐσθῆσι καὶ ὅρμοις καὶ οἷς ἄλλοις εἴωθε διακοσμεῖσθαι γυνὴ πᾶσιν ἀσκηθεῖσαι καὶ τὸ ἐκ φύσεως κάλλος εὐμορφότερον ταῖς ἐπιμελείαις ἀπεργασάμεναι ‑ τὸ γὰρ ἀγώνισμα οὐ μικρὸν ἦν, θήρα νέων [40] ἀθηράτων ‑ εἰς τοὐμφανὲς προέρχονται.

And this war will have a novel glory as having been brought to a successful issue by means of women, and not by means of men. For we confess that our sex is in danger of being defeated, because our enemies are better provided with all the appliances of war and necessaries for battle; but your sex is more completely armed, and you will gain the greatest of all advantages, namely the victory; carrying off the prize without having to encounter any danger; for without any loss or bloodshed, or indeed, I may rather say, without even a struggle, you will overpower the enemy at the first sight of you, merely by being beheld by him. (39)

ὅ τε γὰρ ἐν ταῖς ἀφαντάστοις φύσεσι προμαθὼν ἐπιείκειαν εἰς οὐδὲν ἂν τῶν ψυχῆς μεμοιραμένων ἐξαμάρτοι, ὅ τε μὴ ἐπιχειρῶν νεωτερίζειν περὶ τὰ ἔμψυχα πόρρωθεν ἀναδιδάσκεται τῶν λογικῶν ἐπιμελεῖσθαι.

You see, therefore, what great humanity and compassion our lawgiver displays, and how he diffuses his kindness over every species of man, even if they are foreigners, or even enemies; and secondly, how he extends it also to brute beasts, even though they be not clean, and in fact to every thing, to sown crops, and to trees. For the man who has learnt the principles of humanity with respect to those natures which are devoid of sense, is never likely to err with respect to those which are endowed with life; and he who never attempts to act with severity towards creatures which have only life, is taught a long way off to take great care of those which are also blessed with reason.

καὶ οὐ πρότερον ἀνῆκεν ἢ τρανοτέρας λαβεῖν φαντασίας, οὐχὶ τῆς οὐσίας ‑ τοῦτο γὰρ ἀμήχανον ‑ , ἀλλὰ [216] τῆς ὑπάρξεως αὐτοῦ καὶ προνοίας.

At the same time, also, the divine oracles of God which were imparted to him excited still further that desire which longed to attain to a knowledge of the living God, by which he was guided, and thus went forth with most unhesitating earnestness to the investigation of the one God. And he never desisted from this investigation till he arrived at a more distinct perception, not indeed of his essence, for that is impossible, but of his existence, and of his over-ruling providence as far as it can be allowed to man to attain to such
ΠΕΡΙ ΑΘΛΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΠΙΤΙΜΙΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΑΡΩΝ
Secret Alias
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Re: Stephan Huller's recent interview by Jacob Berman

Post by Secret Alias »

On Rewards and Punishment
Therefore the first man who forsook pride and came over to truth, and who despised the jugglery of the Chaldaic branches of learning, because of that more perfect vision which had been granted to him, after having seen which he was so captivated that he followed the vision ( ἣν θεασάμενος ἑλχθεὶς ἠκολούθησε τῇ φαντασίᾳ), just as they say that wire is attracted by the magnet, becoming instead of a sophist which he had been before a wise man in consequence of instruction--he had many children: but they were not all virtuous, though there was one who was utterly blameless, to whom he bound the cables of his whole race, and thus brought them to a safe anchorage.

Now by nature all we who are men, before the reason that is in us is brought to perfection, live on the borders between virtue and vice, without ever inclining as yet to either side: but when the mind, beginning to put forth its wings, sees an appearance of the good with its whole soul, impressing it in all its parts( ἐπειδὰν δὲ πτερυξάμενος ὁ νοῦς ὅλῃ τῇ ψυχῇ διὰ πάντων αὐτῆς τῶν μερῶν φαντασιωθῇ τὸ ἀγαθόν) it immediately bursts through all restraint, and being borne on wings rushes towards it, leaving behind the kindred evil which was born with it, which it flees from, proceeding in the other direction without ever turning back: (63) this is what he intends to imply by an enigmatical expression when he says that the man who was endowed by nature with a good disposition had two sons, twins: for every man has at the beginning simultaneously with his birth, a soul which is pregnant with twins, namely, good and evil, bearing the impression of both of them (ἑκάτερον φαντασιουμένη): but when it receives the blessed and happy part, then by the force of one single attraction it inclines to the good, never once leaning towards the other side, and never even wavering so as to appear to be balancing between the two.
This one struck me as particularly poignant as I own a derived breed a Bichon Frise:
Then it seems to me that bears, and lions, and leopards, and those beasts which are found only in India, elephants and tigers, and all other animals whose courage and strength are invincible, will change from their solitary and unsociable habits, and adopt a more gregarious life, and, by a gradual imitation of those animals which live in troops, will become softened and accustomed to the sight of men (τὴν ἀνθρώπου φαντασίαν), being no longer in a constant state of excitement and fury against him, but rather feeling awe of him as their ruler and natural master, and will behave with proper respect to him; and some of them, with an exceeding greatness of tameness and affection for their master, like Maltese dogs, will even fawn upon them and wag their tails with a cheerful motion ( κἀκ τοῦ πρὸς ὀλίγον μιμήσει τῶν ἀγελαίων ἡμερωθήσεται πρὸς τὴν ἀνθρώπου φαντασίαν, μηκέτι ὡς πρότερον ἀνερεθισθέντα, καταπλαγέντα δ' ὡς ἄρχοντα καὶ φύσει δεσπότην εὐλαβῶς ἕξει, ἔνια δὲ καὶ τοῦ χειροήθους ἅμα καὶ φιλοδεσπότου τῇ παραζηλώσει, καθάπερ τὰ Μελιταῖα τῶν κυνιδίων ταῖς κέρκοις μεθ' ἱλαρωτέρας κινήσεως προσσαίνοντα). (90) Then the species of scorpions, and serpents, and other reptiles will keep their venom inoperative; and the Egyptian river will produce those animals, which are at present carnivorous and which feed on man, called crocodiles and hippopotami, in a tame and gentle condition; and the sea too will produce innumerable kinds of animals, among all of which the virtuous man will be sacred and unhurt, since God honours virtue and has given it immunity from all designs against it as a proper reward.
The underlying interest is in the beast (Maltese) being able to see the 'phantasm of Man' as beneficial.
If, then, any one proves himself a man of such a character in the city he will appear superior to the whole city, and if a city show itself of such a character it will be the chief of all the country around; and if a nation do so it will be the lord of all the other nations, as the head is to the body occupying the pre-eminence of situation, not more for the sake of glory than for that of advancing the interests of those that see. For continual appearances of good models stamp impressions closely resembling themselves on all souls which are not utterly obdurate and intractable (αἱ γὰρ συνεχεῖς τῶν καλῶν παραδειγμάτων φαντασίαι παραπλησίας εἰκόνας ἐγχαράττουσι ταῖς μὴ πάνυ σκληραῖς καὶ ἀποκρότοις [115] ψυχαῖς) and I say this with reference to those who wish to imitate models of excellent and admirable beauty, that they may not despair of a change for the better, nor of an alteration and improvement from that dispersion, as it were, of the soul which vice engenders, so that they may be able to effect a return to virtue and wisdom.

And even if some such persons do escape notice, they will still be exposed to insidious attacks from their natural enemies; and these are those most furious wild beasts who are well armed by the endowments of nature, and which God, simultaneously with the original creation of the universe, made for the purpose of striking terror into those men who were incapable of taking warning, and for executing implacable justice on those whose wickedness was incurable; (150) and those who behold their cities razed to the very foundations will hardly believe that they were ever inhabited, and they will turn the sudden misfortunes which befall men after brilliant instances of prosperity into a proverb, recording all the instances which are mentioned or passed over in History.{14}{this contrast of present misery with former splendour is one of the circumstances mentioned by Thuycydides as enhancing the terrors of the disasters the Athenians met with in Sicily. 7.75.} (151) There shall also come upon them asthmas, and consumptions affecting the internal organs, producing heaviness and despondency, with great afflictions, and making all life unstable, and hanging, as one may say, from a halter. And fears incessantly succeeding one another will toss the mind up and down, agitating it night and day, so that in the morning they shall pray for the evening, and in the evening they shall pray for the morning, on account of the visible horrors which surround them when awake, and the detestable images which present themselves to them in their dreams when sleeping. (ζωὴν ἀνίδρυτον καὶ κρεμαμένην ὥσπερ ἐξ ἀγχόνης ἐργάσονται φόβου διαδοχαὶ μεθ' ἡμέραν τε καὶ νύκτωρ τὴν ψυχὴν ἄνω καὶ κάτω κλονοῦσαι, ὡς πρωΐας μὲν ἑσπέραν ἑσπέρας δὲ ὄρθρον εὔχεσθαι διὰ τὰς καὶ ἐγρηγορότων κακώσεις ἐμφανεῖς καὶ κοιμωμένων ἐξ ὀνειράτων ἀποτροπαίους [152] φαντασίας) And the proselyte who has come over being lifted up on high by good fortune, will be a conspicuous object, being admired and pronounced happy in two most important particulars, in the first place because he has come over to God of his own accord, and also because he has received as a most appropriate reward a firm and sure habitation in heaven, such as one cannot describe. But the man of noble descent, who has adulterated the coinage of his noble birth, will be dragged down to the lowest depths, being hurled down to Tartarus and profound darkness, in order that all men who behold this example may be corrected by it, learning that God receives gladly virtue which grows out of hostility to him, utterly disregarding its original roots, but looking favourably on the whole trunk from its lowest foundation, because it has become useful and has changed its nature so as to become fruitful.
ΠΕΡΙ ΤΟΥ ΠΑΝΤΑ ΣΠΟΥΔΑΙΟΝ ΕΛΕΥΘΕΡΟΝ ΕΙΝΑΙ

Those men, therefore, act worthily who, in every case and everywhere, have resolved to dedicate the whole of their youth as the first fruits of their earliest vigour to nothing in preference to education, in which it is well for a man to spend both his youth and his age; for as they say that vessels even when empty do nevertheless retain the odour of whatever was originally poured into them, so also are the souls of the young deeply impressed with the indelible character of those conceptions which were the first to be offered to their minds, which cannot be at all washed away by the torrent of any ideas which flow over the mind afterwards, but they to the last show the character originally given to them.

ἄξιον οὖν νεότητα τὴν πανταχοῦ πᾶσαν τὰς ἀπαρχὰς τῆς πρώτης ἀκμῆς μηδενὶ μᾶλλον ἢ παιδείᾳ ἀναθεῖναι, ᾗ καὶ ἐνηβῆσαι καὶ ἐγγηράσαι καλόν· ὥσπερ γάρ, φασί, τὰ καινὰ τῶν ἀγγείων ἀναφέρει τὰς τῶν πρώτων εἰς αὐτὰ ἐγχυθέντων ὀσμάς, οὕτως καὶ αἱ τῶν νέων ψυχαὶ τοὺς πρώτους τῶν φαντασιῶν τύπους ἀνεξαλείπτους ἐναποματτόμεναι, τῇ φορᾷ τῶν αὖθις ἐπεισρεόντων ἥκιστα κατακλυζόμεναι, τὸ ἀρχαῖον διαφαίνουσιν εἶδος.

ΠΕΡΙ ΒΙΟΥ ΘΕΩΡΗΤΙΚΟΥ Η ΙΚΕΤΩΝ (ΠΕΡΙ ΑΡΕΤΩΝ ΤΟ ΤΕΤΑΡΤΟΝ) (Essenes)

And in every house there is a sacred shrine which is called the holy place, and the monastery in which they retire by themselves and perform all the mysteries of a holy life, bringing in nothing, neither meat, nor drink, nor anything else which is indispensable towards supplying the necessities of the body, but studying in that place the laws and the sacred oracles of God enunciated by the holy prophets, and hymns, and psalms, and all kinds of other things by reason of which knowledge and piety are increased and brought to perfection. (26) Therefore they always retain an imperishable recollection of God, so that not even in their dreams is any other object ever presented to their eyes except the beauty of the divine virtues and of the divine powers. ἀεὶ μὲν οὖν ἄληστον ἔχουσι τὴν τοῦ θεοῦ μνήμην, ὡς καὶ δι' ὀνειράτων μηδὲν ἕτερον ἢ τὰ κάλλη τῶν θείων ἀρετῶν καὶ δυνάμεων φαντασιοῦσθαι

Flaccus

But sometimes indeed, in the deepest twilight of the dawn, when every one else was still in bed, so that he could be seen by no one whatever, he would go forth out of the city and spend the entire day in the desolate part of the island, turning away if any one seemed likely to meet him; and being torn as to his soul with the memorials of his misfortunes which he saw about him in his house, and being devoured with anguish, he went back home in the darkness of the night, praying, by reason of his immoderate and never-ending misery, that the evening would become morning, dreading the darkness and the strange appearances (καὶ τὰς ἀλλοκότους φαντασίας) which represented themselves to him when he went to sleep, and again in the morning he prayed that it might be evening;

On Providence

If, then, fixing the eyes of the mind steadily upon the truth, you should be inclined to contemplate the providence of God as far as the powers of human reason are capable of doing it, then, when you have attained to a closer conception of the true and only good ( τρανοτέραν τὴν τοῦ πρὸς ἀλήθειαν ἀγαθοῦ λαβὼν φαντασίαν), you will laugh at those things which belong to men which you for some time admired; for what is worse is always honoured in the absence of what is better, as it then usurps its place; but when that which is better appears, then that which is worse retires, and is contented with the second prize.
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Re: Stephan Huller's recent interview by Jacob Berman

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Clement of Alexandria Stromata

And again, "Beware lest any man spoil you through philosophy and vain deceit, after the tradition of men, after the rudiments of the world, and not after Christ;" branding not all philosophy, but the Epicurean, which Paul mentions in the Acts of the Apostles, which abolishes providence and deifies pleasure, and whatever other philosophy honours the elements, but places not over them the efficient cause, nor apprehends the Creator (μηδὲ ἐφαντάσθη τὸν δημιουργόν).

For it is said, "Having seen thy brother, thou hast seen thy God:" methinks that now the Saviour God is declared to us. But after the laying aside of the flesh, "face to face," -- then definitely and comprehensively, when the heart becomes pure. And by reflection and direct vision, those among the Greeks who have philosophized accurately, see God. For such, through our weakness, are our true views, as images are seen in the water, and as we see things through pellucid and transparent bodies. τοιαῦται γὰρ αἱ κατ' ἀδυναμίαν φαντασίαι ἀληθείας, ὡς φαντασία καθορᾷ τὰ ἐν τοῖς ὕδασιν ὁρώμενα καὶ τὰ διὰ [1.19.95] [1] τῶν διαφανῶν καὶ διαυγῶν σωμάτων. καλῶς οὖν ὁ Σολομὼν "ὁ σπείρων" φησὶ "δικαιοσύνην ἐργάζεται πίστιν. εἰσὶ δὲ οἱ τὰ ἴδια σπείροντες οἳ πλείονα ποιοῦσιν.

But there being but one First Cause, as will be shown afterwards, these men will be shown to be inventors of chatterings and chirpings. But since God deemed it advantageous, that from the law and the prophets, men should receive a preparatory discipline by the Lord, the fear of the Lord was called the beginning of wisdom, being given by the Lord, through Moses, to the disobedient and hard of heart. For those whom reason convinces not, fear tames; which also the Instructing Word, foreseeing from the first, and purifying by each of these methods, adapted the instrument suitably for piety. Consternation is, then, fear at a strange apparition, or at an unlooked-for representation (ἔστι μὲν οὖν ἡ [μὲν] ἔκπληξις φόβος ἐκ φαντασίας ἀσυνήθους ἢ ἐπ' ἀπροσδοκήτῳ φαντασίᾳ) -- such as, for example, a message; while fear is an excessive wonderment on account of something which arises or is.

"Love is," then, "the fulfilling of the law; " like as Christ, that is the presence of the Lord who loves us; and our loving teaching of, and discipline according to Christ. By love, then, the commands not to commit adultery, and not to covet one's neighbour's wife, are fulfilled, [these sins being] formerly prohibited by fear. The same work, then, presents a difference, according as it is done by fear, or accomplished by love, and is wrought by faith or by knowledge. Rightly, therefore, their rewards are different. To the Gnostic "are prepared what eye hath not seen, nor ear heard, nor hath entered into the heart of man;" but to him who has exercised simple faith He testifies a hundredfold in return for what he has left, -- a promise which has turned out to fall within human comprehension. Come to this point, I recollect one who called himself a Gnostic. For, expounding the words, "But i say unto you, he that looketh on a woman to lust after, hath committed adultery," he thought that it was not bare desire that was condemned; but if through the desire the act that results from it proceeding beyond the desire is accomplished in it. For dream employs phantasy and the body (εἰ γὰρ ὄναρ τῇ φαντασίᾳ, [4.18.115] [1] συγκαταχρῆται ἤδη καὶ τῷ σώματι ... Accordingly one dreams, the soul assenting to the vision (Ὀνειρώττει μὲν οὖν τις συγκαταθεμένης τῇ φαντασίᾳ τῆς ψυχῆς). But he dreams waking, who looks so as to lust; not only, as that Gnostic said, if along with the sight of the woman he imagine in his mind intercourse, for this is already the act of lust, as lust; but if one looks on beauty of person (the Word says), and the flesh seem to him in the way of lust to be fair, looking on cam ally and sinfully, he is judged because he admired. For, on the other hand, he who in chaste love looks on beauty, thinks not that the flesh is beautiful, but the spirit, admiring, as I judge, the body as an image, by whose beauty he transports himself to the Artist, and to the true beauty; exhibiting the sacred symbol, the bright impress of righteousness to the angels that wait on the ascension; I mean the unction of acceptance, the quality of disposition which resides in the soul that is gladdened by the communication of the Holy Spirit. This glory, which Shone forth on the face of Moses, the people could not look on. Wherefore he took a veil for the glory, to those who looked cam ally. For those, who demand toll, detain those who bring in any worldly things, who are burdened with their own passions. But him that is free of all things which are subject to duty, and is full of knowledge, and of the righteousness of works, they pass on with their good wishes, blessing the man with his work. "And his life shall not fall away" -- the leaf of the living tree that is nourished "by the water-courses." Now the righteous is likened to fruit-bearing trees, and not only to such as are of the nature of tall-growing ones. And in the sacrificial oblations, according to the law, there were those who looked for blemishes in the sacrifices. They who are skilled in such matters distinguish propension (orexis) from lust (epiqumia); and assign the latter, as being irrational, to pleasures and licentiousness; and propension, as being a rational movement, they assign to the necessities of nature.

As is right, then, knowledge itself loves and teaches the ignorant, and instructs the whole creation to honour God Almighty. And if such an one teaches to love God, he will not hold virtue as a thing to be lost in any case, either awake or in a dream, or in any vision (οὐδὲ κατὰ φαντασίαν τινά); since the habit never goes out of itself by falling from being a habit. Whether, then, knowledge be said to be habit or disposition; on account of diverse sentiments never obtaining access, the guiding faculty, remaining unaltered, admits no alteration of appearances by framing in dreams visionary conceptions out of its movements by day (οὐ προσλαμβάνει τινὰ ἑτεροίωσιν φαντασιῶν, τὰς ἐκ τῶν μεθημερινῶν κινήσεων ἀνειδωλοποιίας [4] ὀνειρῶττον). Wherefore also the Lord enjoins "to watch," so that our soul may never be perturbed with passion, even in dreams; but also to keep the life of the night pure and stainless, as if spent in the day. For assimilation to God, as far as we can, is preserving the mind in its relation to the same things. And this is the relation of mind as mind.

And he that said, "Thou shall not desire," took away all memory of wrong; for wrath is found to be the impulse of concupiscence in a mild soul, especially seeking irrational revenge. In the same way "the bed is ordered to be shaken up," so that there may be no recollection of effusion in sleep, or sleep in the day-time; nor, besides, of pleasure during the night. And he intimated that the vision of the dark ought to be dissipated speedily by the light of truth. "Be angry, and sin not," says David, teaching us that we ought not to assent to the impression, and not to follow it up by action, and so confirm wrath. θυμὸς γὰρ εὑρίσκεται ὁρμὴ ἐπιθυμίας ἡμέρου ψυχῆς κατ' ἐξοχὴν [5.5.28] [1] ἀμύνης ἐφετικὸς ἀλόγως. τῷ ὁμοίῳ τρόπῳ καὶ ἡ κοίτη ταράσσεσθαι παραινεῖται, ὡς μήτε ὀνειρωγμοῦ τινος μηδὲ μὴν ὕπνου μεθ' [2] ἡμέραν, ἀλλὰ μηδὲ τῆς ἐν νυκτὶ ἡδονῆς ἐπιμεμνῆσθαι ἔτι. τάχα δὲ καὶ φαντασίαν τὴν ζοφερὰν συγχεῖν τῷ τῆς ἀληθείας φωτὶ δεῖν ᾐνίσσετο· "ὀργίζεσθε καὶ μὴ ἁμαρτάνετε", ὁ Δαβὶδ λέγει, μὴ συγκατατίθεσθαι τῇ φαντασίᾳ μηδὲ τὸ ἔργον ἐπάγειν κυροῦντα τὴν ὀργὴν χρῆναι διδάσκων.

How then shall the Greeks any longer disbelieve the divine appearance on Mount Sinai, when the fire burned, consuming none of the things that grew on the mount; and the sound of trumpets issued forth, breathed without instruments? For that which is called the descent on the mount of God is the advent of divine power, pervading the whole world, and proclaiming "the light that is inaccessible." For such is the allegory, according to the Scripture. But the fire was seen, as Aristobulus says, "while the whole multitude, amounting to not less than a million, besides those under age, were congregated around the mountain, the circuit of the mount not being less than five days' journey. Over the whole place of the vision (ὁράσεως) the burning fire was seen by them all encamped as it were around; so that the descent was not local. For God is everywhere" ... it is possible for God Almighty, even without a medium, to produce a voice and vision (θεῷ δὲ τῷ παντοκράτορι καὶ μηδενὸς ὄντος ὑποκειμένου φωνὴν καὶ φαντασίαν) through the ear, showing that His greatness has a natural order beyond what is customary, in order to the conversion of the hitherto unbelieving soul, and the reception of the commandment given. But there being a cloud and a lofty mountain, how is it not possible to hear a different sound, the wind moving by the active cause? Wherefore also the prophet says, "Ye heard the voice of words, and saw no similitude." You see how the Lord's voice, the Word, without shape, the power of the Word, the luminous word of the Lord, the truth from heaven, from above, coming to the assembly of the Church, wrought by the luminous immediate ministry.
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Re: Stephan Huller's recent interview by Jacob Berman

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Clement also cites Wisdom 6:

So then, you kings, you rulers the world over, listen to what I say, and learn from it. 2 You govern many lands and are proud that so many people are under your rule, 3 but this authority has been given to you by the Lord Most High. He will examine what you have done and what you plan to do. 4 You rule on behalf of God and his kingdom, and if you do not govern justly, if you do not uphold the law, if you do not live according to God's will, 5 you will suffer sudden and terrible punishment. Judgment is especially severe on those in power. 6 Common people may be mercifully forgiven for their wrongs, but those in power will face a severe judgment. 7 The Lord of all is not afraid of anyone, no matter how great they are. He himself made everyone, great and common alike, and he provides for all equally, 8 but he will judge the conduct of rulers more strictly. 9 It is for you, mighty kings, that I write these words, so that you may know how to act wisely and avoid mistakes. 10 These are holy matters, and if you treat them in a holy manner, you yourselves will be considered holy. If you have learned this lesson, you will be able to defend yourselves at the Judgment. 11 So then, make my teaching your treasure and joy, and you will be well instructed.

The Value of Wisdom
12 Wisdom shines bright and never grows dim; those who love her and look for her can easily find her. 13 She is quick to make herself known to anyone who desires her. 14 Get up early in the morning to find her, and you will have no problem; you will find her sitting at your door. 15 To fasten your attention on Wisdom is to gain perfect understanding. If you look for her, you will soon find peace of mind, 16 because she will appear to those who are worthy of her (καὶ ἐν ταῖς τρίβοις φαντάζεται αὐτοῖς εὐμενῶς), and she will find you wherever you are. She is kind and will be with you in your every thought.

17 Wisdom begins when you sincerely want to learn. To desire Wisdom is to love her; 18 to love her is to keep her laws; to keep her laws is to be certain of immortality; 19 immortality will bring you close to God. 20 This desire for Wisdom can prepare you to rule a kingdom. 21 So then, you that rule the nations, if you value your thrones and symbols of authority, honor Wisdom so that you may rule forever.

Solomon Wishes to Share His Wisdom
22 I will tell you what Wisdom is, and how she came to be. I will not keep anything secret. I will trace her history from the beginning and make knowledge of her open to all. I will not ignore any part of the truth. 23 No jealous desire to guard my own knowledge will make me hold back anything. Wisdom has nothing in common with such an attitude. 24 No indeed—the more wise people there are, the safer the world will be. A sensible king can be depended on to give his people this kind of security. 25 So then, learn what I am about to teach you, and you will profit from it.
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Re: Stephan Huller's recent interview by Jacob Berman

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Clement

But, as appears, the philosophers of the Greeks, while naming God, do not know Him. But their philosophical speculations, according to Empedocles, "as passing over the tongue of the multitude, are poured out of mouths that know little of the whole." For as art changes the light of the sun into fire by passing it through a glass vessel full of water, so also philosophy, catching a spark from the divine Scripture, is visible in a few.

Ἀλλ', ὡς ἔοικεν, οἱ φιλόσοφοι τῶν Ἑλλήνων θεὸν ὀνομάζοντες οὐ γιγνώσκουσιν, ἐπεὶ μὴ σέβουσι κατὰ θεὸν τὸν θεόν. τὰ φιλοσοφούμενα δὲ παρ' αὐτοῖς κατὰ τὸν Ἐμπεδοκλέα

   ὡς διὰ πολλῶν δὴ γλώσσης ἐλθόντα ματαίως

   ἐκκέχυται στομάτων, ὀλίγον τοῦ παντὸς ἰδόντων.

[2] ὡς γάρ που τὸ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἡλίου φῶς δι' ὑελοῦ σκεύους πλήρους ὕδατος μεθοδεύει ἡ τέχνη εἰς πῦρ, οὕτω καὶ ἡ φιλοσοφία ἐκ τῆς [3] θείας γραφῆς τὸ ἐμπύρευμα λαβοῦσα ἐν ὀλίγοις φαντάζεται. https://books.google.com/books?id=mx4QA ... 81&f=false

Book 7 For the term wisdom appears only in the knowledge of the uttered word.

ἐν μόνῃ γὰρ τῇ τοῦ προφορικοῦ λόγου τὸ τῆς σοφίας ὄνομα φαντάζεται.

I am not satisfied that Sylburg’s substitution οἵ ταύτῃ for
τοῦτο, before πάντως, is either necessary or desirable. On the
other hand, the sentence which follows, ἐν μόνῃ yap τῇ τοῦ
προφορικοῦ λόγου TO τῆς σοφίας ὄνομα φαντάζεται, stands in
need both of emendation and of comment. The requisite





NOTES ON CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA 111. 135


emendation is however no more than the substitution of μονῇ
for μόνῃ. With this trifling change the sentence conveys a
definition of σοφία, together with an etymological justification
of it. The definition is derived from Plato’s Meno, 97 p—98 a,
where δόξα ἀληθής, which is a runaway (οὐ παραμένειν) is dis-
tinguished from ἐπιστήμη, which being bound fast by an αἰτίας
λογισμός, is stationary. And the etymological justification is
based upon Plato's Cratylus, 412 Β, where σοφία is derived from
συθῆναι, i. g. φορά, and ἐπαφή: ἀλλὰ μὴν ἥ ye copia φορᾶς
ἐφάπτεσθαι σημαΐνει. σκοτωδέστερον δὲ τοῦτο καὶ ξενικώτε-
ρον" ἀλλὰ δεῖ ἐκ τῶν ποιητῶν ἀναμιμνήσκεσθαι ὅτι πολλαχοῦ
λέγουσι περὶ ὅτου ἂν τύχωσι τῶν ἀρχομένων ταχὺ προιέναι,
ἐσύθη φασί. Λακωνικῷ δὲ ἀνδρὶ τῶν εὐδοκίμων καὶ ὄνομα ἦν
Σοῦς- τὴν γὰρ ταχεῖαν ὁρμὴν οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι τοῦτο καλοῦσι.
ταύτης οὖν τῆς φορᾶς ἐπαφὴν σημαίνει ἡ σοφία, ὡς φερομένων
τῶν ὄντων. It will be observed that Clement's term προφορικὸς
λόγος is a help to him in his etymological speculation. Ὁ
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