I find it interesting that this name is only found once in the entirety of the Bible, and is mysteriously treated like a proper noun as if it's some sort of popular allegory like Lamb of God or Son of Man.
It also doesn't really make sense when looking at the context of this chapter. Isaac was never described as fearful of God, his name literally means "He who laughs".
Now, what you said about Apollo is indeed very promising, because it connects rather beautifully to the other names given in this verse.
First, the "God of Abraham" is likely El Shaddai from Exodus:
“I am the Lord. I appeared to Abraham, to Isaac and to Jacob as El Shaddai, but by my name YHWH I did not make myself fully known to them.
El Shaddai is of course the same as the almighty El, but has an obscure epithet which has been variously theorized to be connected to mountains, destruction, and agriculture. Funnily enough, Hermon is also the holiest mountain as well as the "destroyer" (from root H-R-M, "to divide, to cut").
Before I move on to the other names, I have to mention two verses which confuse me immensely. Acts 7:43 and Amos 5:26:
43 Yea, ye took up the tabernacle of Moloch, and the star of your god Remphan, figures which ye made to worship them: and I will carry you away beyond Babylon.
26 But ye have borne the tabernacle of your Moloch and Chiun your images, the star of your god, which ye made to yourselves.27 Therefore will I cause you to go into captivity beyond Damascus, saith the Lord, whose name is The God of hosts.
First off, if these two verses are supposed to be equivalent, why is it that Damascus and Babylon are equated here? Perhaps Paul knew that the word "Babylon" was thrown around willy nilly by the Israelites post-Exile so that they can blame a single party for their demise and not the entire Levantine region.
I digress, though, because the real mystery here is who Moloch is. As the verses show, the Israelites
were seen to be worshipping Moloch/Remphan, so they considered him the most powerful god for a reason. Well, judging by the fact that
EL HIMSELF is Moloch, then it would make sense for the pre-exilic jews to worship him. Let me explain.
Remphan is a Greek transliteration of Kaiwan (Chiun), the Persian name of the planet Saturn. Indeed, Saturn is connected to the Bull in almost all religions: In Egyptian mythology he is Horus-Bull-in-the-Sky, in Babylonian he is Shemesh the Heavenly Bull, in Greek mythology he is Cronus the baby eater who has been related to Minotaur in various ways. But most importantly, both Baʿal and El were associated with the bull in Ugaritic Baal Cycle.
El is Cronus in Phoenician cosmogony of Sanchuniathon as well. Saturn is the original harvest god and the undisputed God of Gods. Being a Harvest God he is responsible for both the weather and the passage of time. That's why Mt. Hermon was originally El's abode, because it's practically the only place where God's grace (Rain) can be seen in its full glory year-round.
"Moloch" is just another distortion from the Jews in order to demonize neighbouring civilizations and justify their military conquests. Just like Beelzebub, who was originally Baal-Zebul, an epithet of the storm God Ba'al Hadad (or just El), Moloch is another epithet of El, "the King".
In Semitic, the word Moloch comes from the morpheme M-L-K meaning "ownership", same as Baal. God
owns living beings as explained in Exodus 13:2:
“Consecrate every firstborn male to me, the firstborn from every womb among the Israelites, both man and domestic animal; it is mine.”
What was Abraham prepared to do for the Jewish God? Sacrifice his firstborn son Isaac. Theologians like to see the Israelites as some enlightened gurus amidst a sea of cannibalistic monsters but the truth is they were exactly the same as their neighbors.
I haven't commented on the connection to Phoibos yet because to me it is the most worthy of investigation. If what you say is right, then Jacob seems to be worshipping Apollo who is the same as El Shaddai. But how could it be that El and Apollo are the same since Apollo is a Sun God and El is Saturn? Well, I will let Franz Boll, prominent philologist and scholar of Classical Greece, respond: "Kronos and Helios were originally one and the same".
This means that if Apollo is Helios/Kronos' son, then we would have to find a counterpart in Canaanite mythology, should we not? As it turns out, there is one son of El which fits this description. His name? Yaw.