A Stromateis of What?

[Secret Alias]

While Stephan boldly sets out to map uncharted waters

Recklessly. For anyone interested in this topic read Buckley's arguments further up in the thread. So much better than mine.

[Secret Alias]

In case anyone is interested in my perspective. Here's why I am interested in this subject. Clement obviously wrote letters. They didn't have "handi-phones" (as a German citizen I have to use these terminologies now). So the question as to whether Clement wrote letters is silly. Is Letter 366 a letter of Clement. Of course it is. If to Theodore a letter of Clement. Of course it is. What I mean is it/they is/are the most likely answer(s). Sure there are other answers. But why isn't a rose a rose? Of course I think it has relevance for the Secret Mark debate. But it also dovetails with my approach to existence. Why shouldn't I say whatever comes into my mind? Yes there are times where it doesn't serve me well. But if you are after "truth" the obvious answer is in some form always the true answer. The extra-ordinary set of circumstances which would require two surviving letters of Clement to both be "fakes" in some sense is simply outlandish. Clement wrote letters. Patristic documents were often preserved under the name of other Church Fathers (cf. Tertullian's reuse of Justin and Irenaeus). But when something is so obviously Clementine why ignore the obvious answer? For instance, if I am talking to Jesus in my morning cereal I should go with the obvious answer that it is probably the magic mushrooms I ate.

[Peter Kirby]

Book 5

This is just a copy and paste of the Greek text. Can you add some comments here?

[Secret Alias]

I am working on it. One thing at a time. First all the relevant passages. We're making history here you know. It takes time.

[billd89]

For instance, if I am talking to Jesus in my morning cereal I should go with the obvious answer that it is probably the magic mushrooms I ate.

But what if you did not ingest any hallucinogens, if nothing pharmacologically "obvious" is deliberately left unstated as The Cause?

I'm guessing most of us would call it "mental illness", but contrarians will argue otherwise.


Who was Jesus' Father? According to the Synoptic Gospels, the rabbis said it was Baalzeboul/Horon. I'm guessing that 1st C Palestinian Jews looked askance at the religious syncretism of the Egyptian Jews w/ their own dodgy lineage of Canaanite-Chaldaean deities.

Paul Carus, The Story of Samson: And Its Place in the Religious Development of Mankind [1907], p.36:

A similar strange injustice is done to the god of the Phænicians, who is called Baalzebul¹, “the lord of the high house," a name also applicable to Yahveh, the god of Israel, for Solomon speaks of “the high house” he has built for God (1 Kings 8:13). The high house is the temple and the temple symbolizes the heavens. Thus the lord of the high house is God of Heaven. Yet Baalzebul (or Beelzebul) has positively been changed into a name of the devil in the New Testament. But such is the fate of gods. The Seth of the Hyksos, corresponding to Yahveh of the Israelites, became the Satan of the Egyptians.

Baalzebub (or Beelzebub) which has been substituted for Beelzebul is commonly translated “fly-god," and the assumption has been made that Baalzebub had been worshiped under the symbol of a fly, but we find not the slightest trace of fly worship among the Phænicians. Pausanias, however, (VIII, 26, 7) tells us that Zeus was called the remover of flies² because according to a local legend he had driven away a dangerous swarm of flies from Olympia; and Clement of Alexandria mentions the cult of “Zeus the fly-killer” in Elis (Protrept. II, 38).

1 The English translation reads Beelzebub (cp. Matt. 10:25; 13:24 and 27; Mark 3:22; Luke 11:15-18 f.) but the version Beelzebul is better established in the original Greek.

2 Ζευς απόμνιος.

[Secret Alias]

Book 5

Was Book Four called On the Gnostic?

Of the Gnostic so much has been cursorily, as it were, written. We proceed now to the sequel, and must again contemplate faith; for there are some that draw the distinction, that faith has reference to the Son, and knowledge to the Spirit. But it has escaped their notice that, in order to believe truly in the Son, we must believe that He is the Son, and that He came, and how, and for what, and respecting His passion; and we must know who is the Son of God. Now neither is knowledge without faith, nor faith without knowledge. Nor is the Father without the Son; for the Son is with the Father. And the Son is the true teacher respecting the Father; and that we may believe in the Son, we must know the Father, with whom also is the Son. Again, in order that we may know the Father, we must believe in the Son, that it is the Son of God who teaches

Περὶ μὲν τοῦ γνωστικοῦ τοσαῦτα ὡς ἐν ἐπιδρομῇ, χωρῶμεν δὲ ἤδη ἐπὶ τὰ ἑξῆς, καὶ δὴ τὴν πίστιν αὖθις διαθρητέον· εἰσὶ γὰρ οἱ τὴν <μὲν> πίστιν ἡμῶν περὶ τοῦ υἱοῦ, τὴν δὲ γνῶσιν περὶ τοῦ πατρὸς 5.1.1.2 εἶναι διαστέλλοντες. λέληθεν δὲ αὐτοὺς ὅτι πιστεῦσαι μὲν ἀληθῶς τῷ υἱῷ δεῖ, ὅτι τε υἱὸς καὶ ὅτι ἦλθεν καὶ πῶς καὶ διὰ τί καὶ περὶ 5.1.1.3 τοῦ πάθους, γνῶναι δὲ ἀνάγκη τίς ἐστὶν ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ. ἤδη δὲ οὔτε ἡ γνῶσις ἄνευ πίστεως οὔθ' ἡ πίστις ἄνευ γνώσεως, οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ ὁ πατὴρ ἄνευ υἱοῦ· ἅμα γὰρ τῷ πατὴρ υἱοῦ πατήρ, υἱὸς δὲ 5.1.1.4 περὶ πατρὸς ἀληθὴς διδάσκαλος. καὶ ἵνα τις πιστεύσῃ τῷ υἱῷ, γνῶναι δεῖ τὸν πατέρα πρὸς ὃν καὶ ὁ υἱός. αὖθίς τε ἵνα τὸν πατέρα ἐπιγνῶμεν, πιστεῦσαι δεῖ τῷ υἱῷ, ὅτι ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ υἱὸς διδάσκει·

Whence, perceiving the greatness of its power, they asked "that faith might be added to them;" a faith which salutarily bites the soil "like a grain of mustard," and grows magnificently in it, to such a degree that the reasons of things sublime rest on it.

ὅθεν αἰσθόμενοι τοῦ μεγαλείου τῆς δυνάμεως ἠξίουν προστιθέναι αὐτοῖς πίστιν τὴν ὡς κόκκον σινάπεως ἐπιδάκνουσαν ὠφελίμως τὴν ψυχὴν καὶ ἐν αὐτῇ αὔξουσαν μεγαλωστί, 5.1.3.2 ὡς ἐπαναπαύεσθαι αὐτῇ τοὺς περὶ τῶν μεταρσίων λόγους

If, then, the ground of inquiry, according to all of these modes, is removed, faith is established. For we advance to them the unanswerable consideration, that it is God who speaks and comes to our help in writing, respecting each one of the points regarding which I investigate.

εἰ τοίνυν ἡ τοῦ ζητεῖν αἰτία κατὰ πάντας τοὺς τρόπους ἀναιρεῖται, πίστις ἐμπεδοῦται· προτείνομεν γὰρ αὐτοῖς τὸ ἀναντίρρητον ἐκεῖνο, ὃ ὁ θεός ἐστιν ὁ λέγων 5.1.6.1 καὶ περὶ ἑνὸς ἑκάστου ὧν ἐπιζητῶ παριστὰς ἐγγράφως.

There being then a Providence, it were impious to think that the whole of prophecy and the economy in reference to a Saviour did not take place in accordance with Providence.

προνοίας τοίνυν οὔσης, μὴ κατὰ πρόνοιαν γεγονέναι πᾶσαν τήν τε προφητείαν καὶ τὴν περὶ τὸν σωτῆρα οἰκονομίαν ἡγεῖσθαι ἀνόσιον

And after a little he adds: "And, in truth, there is a change of the objects which revolve about earth and heaven; and in the course of long periods there is the destruction of the objects on earth by a great conflagration."

τὸ δ' ἀληθές ἐστι τῶν περὶ γῆν καὶ κατ' οὐρανὸν ἰόντων παράλλαξις καὶ διὰ 5.1.9.7 μακρῶν χρόνων γινομένη τῶν ἐπὶ γῆς πυρὶ πολλῷ φθορά. ἔπειτα περὶ τοῦ κατακλυσμοῦ ἐποίσει·

For very beautifully does Timon of Phlius write: "And Strife, the Plague of Mortals, stalks vainly shrieking, The sister of Murderous Quarrel and Discord, Which rolls blindly over all things. But then It sets its head towards men, and casts them on hope."

ἥ τ' ἀλαὴ περὶ πάντα κυλίνδεται, αὐτὰρ ἔπειτα ἐς βροτοῦ ἐστήριξε κάρη καὶ ἐς ἐλπίδα βάλλει. 5.1.11.6

for, enraged at those silent, It raised an evil disease against men, and many perished;" Of the speech which denies what is false, and of the dilemma, of that which is concealed

ὃ γὰρ σιγῶσι χολωθεὶς νοῦσον ἐπ' ἀνέρας ὦρσε λάλην, ὀλέκοντο δὲ πολλοὶ περὶ ψευδαποφάσκοντος λόγου καὶ κερατίνου διαλεληθότος τε αὖ καὶ
κροκοδειλίνου σωρίτου τε ἔτι καὶ ἐγκεκαλυμμένου περί τε ἀμφιβολιῶν καὶ σοφισμάτων. 5.1.12.1

Respecting faith we have adduced sufficient testimonies of writings among the Greeks.

5.2.14.1 Περὶ μὲν οὖν πίστεως ἱκανὰ μαρτύρια τῶν παρ' Ἕλλησι γραφῶν παρατεθείμεθα·

But in order not to exceed bounds, through eagerness to collect a very great many also respecting hope and love, suffice it merely to say that in the Crito Socrates, who prefers a good life and death to life itself, thinks that we have hope of another life after death.

ὡς δὲ μὴ ἐπὶ μήκιστον παρεξίωμεν καὶ περὶ τῆς ἐλπίδος καὶ τῆς ἀγάπης πλεῖστα φιλοτιμούμενοι συναγαγεῖν, ἀπόχρη μόνα ταῦτα εἰπεῖν, ὡς ἐν τῷ Κρίτωνι ὁ Σωκράτης, πρὸ τοῦ ζῆν τὸ εὖ ζῆν καὶ τεθνάναι τιθέμενος, ἐλπίδα τινὰ ἑτέρου βίου 5.2.14.2 μετὰ τὴν τελευτὴν ἔχειν οἴεται

Parmenides, too, in his poem, alluding to hope, speaks thus:

5.2.15.5 ἀλλὰ καὶ Παρμενίδης ἐν τῷ αὑτοῦ ποιήματι περὶ τῆς Ἐλπίδος αἰνισσόμενος τὰ τοιαῦτα λέγει·

In the Phaedrus also, Plato, speaking of the truth, shows it as an idea.

5.3.16.2 ἐν δὲ τῷ Φαίδρῳ περὶ ἀληθείας ὡς ἰδέας λέγων ὁ Πλάτων δηλώσει.

and this the barbarians have termed the Word of God. The words are as follow: "For one must then dare to speak the truth, especially in speaking of the truth.

5.3.16.4 ὅπερ οἱ βάρβαροι λόγον εἰρήκασι τοῦ θεοῦ· ἔχει δὲ τὰ τῆς λέξεως ὧδε· τολμητέον γὰρ οὖν τό γε ἀληθὲς εἰπεῖν ἄλλως τε καὶ περὶ ἀληθείας λέγοντα·

Thus Sophocles the tragic poet somewhere says: "And God I know to be such an one, Ever the revealer of enigmas to the wise, But to the perverse bad, although a teacher in few words,"- putting bad instead of simple.

σοφοῖς μὲν αἰνικτῆρα θεσφάτων ἀεί, σκαιοῖς δὲ φαῦλον κἀν βραχεῖ διδάσκαλον, 5.4.25.1 τὸ φαῦλον ἐπὶ τοῦ ἁπλοῦ τάσσων. ἄντικρυς γοῦν περὶ πάσης γραφῆς τῆς καθ' ἡμᾶς ἐν τοῖς ψαλμοῖς γέγραπται ὡς ἐν παραβολῇ εἰρημένης·

"Let of Eurysus the Pythagorean, which is as follows, who in his book On Fortune, having said that the "Creator, on making man, took Himself as an exemplar," added, "And the body is like the other things, as being made of the same material, and fashioned by the best workman, who wrought it, taking Himself as the archetype."

ἄξιον ἡγοῦμαι καὶ τὴν Εὐρύσου τοῦ Πυθαγορείου παραθέσθαι φωνὴν οὕτως ἔχουσαν, ὃς ἐν τῷ Περὶ τύχας τὸν δημιουργὸν φήσας αὑτῷ χρώμενον
παρα5.5.29.2 δείγματι ποιῆσαι τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἐπήγαγεν· τὸ δὲ σκᾶνος τοῖς λοιποῖς ὅμοιον, οἷα γεγονὸς ἐκ τᾶς αὐτᾶς ὕλας, ὑπὸ τεχνίτα δὲ εἰργασμένον 5.5.29.3 λῴστω, ὃς ἐτεχνίτευσεν αὐτὸ ἀρχετύπῳ χρώμενος ἑαυτῷ.

And by a happy utterance of divination, not without divine help, concurring in certain prophetic declarations, and, seizing the truth in portions and aspects, in terms not obscure, and not going beyond the explanation of the things, they honoured it on as pertaining the appearance of relation with the truth.

5.5.29.5 καὶ κατά τινα μαντείας εὔστοχον φήμην οὐκ ἀθεεὶ συνδραμόντες ἔν τισι προφητικαῖς φωναῖς τὴν ἀλή θειαν κατὰ μέρη καὶ εἴδη διαλαβόντες, προσηγορίαις οὐκ ἀφεγγέσιν οὐδὲ ἔξωθεν τῆς τῶν πραγμάτων δηλώσεως πορευομέναις ἐτίμησαν, τῆς περὶ τὴν ἀλήθειαν οἰκειότητος ἔμφασιν εἰληφότες.

Now Pythagoras made an epitome of the statements on righteousness in Moses, when he said, "Do not step over the balance;" that is, do not transgress equality in distribution, honouring justice so.

5.5.30.1 Αὐτίκα ἐπιτομὴν τῶν περὶ δικαιοσύνης εἰρημένων Μωυσεῖ ὁ Πυθαγόρας πεποίηται λέγων ζυγὸν μὴ ὑπερβαίνειν, τουτέστι μὴ παρέρχεσθαι τὸ πρὸς τὰς διανομὰς ἴσον, τιμῶντας τὴν δικαιοσύνην, 5.5.30.2 ἣ φίλους ἀεὶ φίλοις πόλεις τε πόλεσι συμμάχους τε συμμάχοις συνδεῖ·

And on the disciples, striving for the pre-eminence, He enjoins equality with simplicity, saying "that they must become as little children."

καὶ τοῖς περὶ πρωτείων φιλονικοῦσι γνωρίμοις μετὰ ἁπλότητος τὴν ἰσότητα παρεγ5.5.30.4 γυᾷ λέγων ὡς τὰ παιδία αὐτοὺς γενέσθαι δεῖν.

Therefore also the Egyptians place Sphinxes before their temples, to signify that the doctrine respecting God is enigmatical and obscure

5.5.31.5 ∆ιὰ τοῦτό τοι καὶ Αἰγύπτιοι πρὸ τῶν ἱερῶν τὰς σφίγγας ἱδρύονται, ὡς αἰνιγματώδους τοῦ περὶ θεοῦ λόγου καὶ ἀσαφοῦς ὄντος,

Now concealment is evinced in the reference of the seven circuits around the temple, which are made mention of among the Hebrews; and the equipment on the robe, indicating by the various symbols, which had reference to visible objects, the agreement which from heaven reaches down to earth.

5.6.32.2 αὐτίκα ὁμολογεῖ τὴν ἐπίκρυψιν ἡ περὶ τὸν νεὼν τὸν παλαιὸν τῶν ἑπτὰ περιβόλων πρός τι ἀναφορὰ παρ' Ἑβραίοις ἱστορουμένη ἥ τε κατὰ τὸν ποδήρη διασκευή, διὰ ποικίλων τῶν πρὸς τὰ φαινόμενα συμβόλων τὴν ἀπ' οὐρανοῦ μέχρι γῆς αἰνισσομένη 5.6.32.3 συνθήκην

It is of them, I think, that Tragedy, discoursing of Nature, says: "Unwearied Time circles full in perennial flow, Producing itself. And the twin-bears On the swift wandering motions of their wings, Keep the Atlantean pole."

5.6.36.1 περὶ τούτων οἶμαι καὶ ἡ τραγῳδία φυσιολογοῦσά φησιν· ἀκάμας τε χρόνος περί τ' ἀενάῳ ῥεύματι πλήρης φοιτᾷ τίκτων αὐτὸς ἑαυτόν, δίδυμοί τ' ἄρκτοι ταῖς ὠκυπλάνοις πτερύγων ῥιπαῖς τὸν Ἀτλάντειον τηροῦσι πόλον.

But I think it better to regard the ark, so called from the Hebrew word Thebotha, as signifying something else. It is interpreted, one instead of one in all places. Whether, then, it is the eighth region and the world of thought, or God, all-embracing, and without shape, and invisible, that is indicated, we may for the present defer saying. But it signifies the repose which dwells with the adoring spirits, which are meant by the cherubim.

5.6.36.2 ἄμεινον δ' ἡγοῦμαι τὴν κιβωτὸν ἐκ τοῦ Ἑβραϊκοῦ ὀνόματος θηβωθὰ καλουμένην ἄλλο τι σημαίνειν. ἑρμηνεύεται μὲν ἓν ἀνθ' ἑνὸς πάντων τόπων. εἴτ' οὖν ὀγδοὰς καὶ ὁ νοητὸς κόσμος εἴτε καὶ ὁ περὶ πάντων περιεκτικὸς ἀσχημάτιστός τε καὶ ἀόρατος δηλοῦται θεός, τὰ νῦν ὑπερκείσθω λέγειν·

And why should I linger over the barbarians, when I can adduce the Greeks as exceedingly addicted to the use of the method of concealment?

5.8.45.1 Καὶ τί μοι περὶ τοὺς βαρβάρους ἐνδιατρίβειν, ἐξὸν αὐτοὺς τοὺς Ἕλληνας σφόδρα τῇ ἐπικρύψει κεχρημένους παραστῆσαι

Also Dionysius Thrax, the grammarian, in his book, Respecting the Exposition of the Symbolical Signification in Circles, says expressly,

5.8.45.4 Ἀλλὰ καὶ ∆ιονύσιος ὁ Θρᾷξ ὁ γραμματικὸς ἐν τῷ Περὶ τῆς ἐμφάσεως περὶ τοῦ τῶν τροχίσκων συμβόλου φησὶ κατὰ λέξιν·

as also Empedocles says: "But come now, first will I speak of the Sun, the first principle of all things, From which all, that we look upon, has sprung, Both earth, and billowy deep, and humid air; Titan and Ether too, which binds all things around."

καθὰ καὶ ὁ Ἐμπεδοκλῆς φησιν· εἰ δ' ἄγε τοι λέξω <κείνων> πρῶθ' ἥλιον ἀρχήν, ἐξ ὧν δὴ ἐγένοντο τὰ νῦν ἐσορώμενα πάντα, γαῖά τε καὶ πόντος πολυκύμων ἠδ' ὑγρὸς ἀὴρ Τιτὰν ἠδ' αἰθὴρ σφίγγων περὶ κύκλον ἅπαντα. 5.8.48.4

Well! does not Epigenes, in his book on the Poetry of Orpheus, in exhibiting the peculiarities found in Orpheus, say that by " the curved rods" (keraisi) is meant "ploughs;"and by the warp (sthmosi)

5.8.49.3 Τί δ'; οὐχὶ καὶ Ἐπιγένης ἐν τῷ περὶ τῆς Ὀρφέως ποιήσεως τὰ ἰδιάζοντα παρ' Ὀρφεῖ ἐκτιθέμενός φησι κερκίσι καμπυλόχρωσι τοῖς ἀρότροις
μηνύεσθαι, στήμοσι δὲ τοῖς αὔλαξι·

and there are also whole books which present the mind of the writer veiled, as that of Heraclitus On Nature, who on this very account is called "Obscure." Similar to this book is the Theology of Pherecydes of Syrup; for Euphorion the poet, and the Causes of Callimachus, and the Alexandra of Lycophron, and the like, are proposed as an exercise in exposition to all the grammarians.

5.8.50.2 ὅλα βιβλία ἐπικεκρυμμένην τὴν τοῦ συγγραφέως βούλησιν ἐπιδείκνυται, ὡς καὶ τὸ Ἡρακλείτου 5.8.50.3 περὶ φύσεως, ὃς καὶ δι' αὐτὸ τοῦτο Σκοτεινὸς προσηγόρευται.

It is, then, proper that the Barbarian philosophy, on which it is our business to speak, should prophecy also obscurely and by symbols, as was evinced. Such are the injunctions of Moses:

5.8.51.1 Οὔκουν ἀπεικὸς καὶ τὴν βάρβαρον φιλοσοφίαν, περὶ ἧς ἡμῖν πρόκειται λέγειν, ἐπικεκρυμμένως καὶ διὰ συμβόλων προφητεύειν ἔν 5.8.51.2 τισιν, ὡς ἀποδέδεικται. τοιαῦτα γοῦν καὶ ὁ Μωυσῆς παραινεῖ, τὰ κοινὰ δὴ ταῦτα·

Thus also Plato, in his book On the Soul, says that the charioteer and the horse that ran off -- the irrational part, which is divided in two, into anger and concupiscence -- fall down).

οὕτως καὶ Πλάτων ἐν τῷ Περὶ ψυχῆς τόν τε ἡνίοχον καὶ τὸν ἀποστατήσαντα ἵππον (τὸ ἄλογον μέρος, ὃ δὴ δίχα τέμνεται, εἰς
θυμὸν καὶ ἐπιθυμίαν,) καταπίπτειν φησίν

In order, then, that none of those, who have fallen in with the knowledge taught by thee, may become incapable of holding the truth, and disobey and fall away, it is said, Be thou sure in the treatment of the word, and shut up the living spring in the depth from those who approach irrationally, but reach drink to those that thirst for truth. Conceal it, then, from those who are unfit to receive the depth of knowledge, and so cover the pit.

ἵνα οὖν μή τις τούτων, ἐμπεσὼν εἰς τὴν ὑπὸ σοῦ διδασκομένην γνῶσιν, ἀκρατὴς γενόμενος τῆς ἀληθείας, παρακούσῃ τε καὶ παραπέσῃ, ἀσφαλής, φησί, περὶ τὴν χρῆσιν τοῦ λόγου γίνου, καὶ πρὸς μὲν τοὺς ἀλόγως προσιόντας ἀπόκλειε τὴν ζῶσαν ἐν βάθει πηγήν, ποτὸν δὲ 5.8.54.3 ὄρεγε τοῖς τῆς ἀληθείας δεδιψηκόσιν.

For there is an instruction of the perfect, of which, writing to the Colossians, he says,

5.10.60.2 ἔστιν γάρ τις καὶ τελείων μάθησις, περὶ ἧς πρὸς τοὺς Κολοσσαεῖς γράφων φησίν·

And he still more clearly reveals that knowledge belongs not to all, by adding: "Praying at the same time for you, that God would open to us a door to speak the mystery of Christ, for which I am bound; that I may make it known as I ought to speak."

5.10.62.1 καὶ ἔτι σαφέστερον ἐκκαλύπτει τὸ μὴ πάντων εἶναι τὴν γνῶσιν, ἐπιλέγων· προσευχόμενοι ἅμα καὶ περὶ ἡμῶν, ἵνα ὁ θεὸς ἀνοίξῃ ἡμῖν θύραν τοῦ λαλῆσαι τὸ μυστήριον τοῦ Χριστοῦ, δι' ὃ καὶ δέδεμαι, ἵνα φανερώσω αὐτὸ ὡς δεῖ με λαλῆσαι.

Rightly then, Plato, in the Epistles, treating of God, says: "We must speak in enigmas that should the tablet come by any mischance on its leaves either by sea or land, he who reads may remain ignorant." For the God of the universe, who is above all speech, all conception, all thought, can never be committed to writing, being inexpressible even by His own power.

5.10.65.1 Εἰκότως τοίνυν καὶ Πλάτων ἐν ταῖς Ἐπιστολαῖς περὶ θεοῦ διαλαμβάνων φραστέον δή σοι φησὶ δι' αἰνιγμάτων, ἵν' ἤν τι <ἡ> δέλτος 5.10.65.2 ἢ πόντου ἢ γῆς ἐν πτυχαῖς πάθῃ, ὁ ἀναγνοὺς μὴ γνῷ. ὁ γὰρ τῶν ὅλων θεὸς ὁ ὑπὲρ πᾶσαν φωνὴν καὶ πᾶν νόημα καὶ πᾶσαν ἔννοιαν οὐκ ἄν ποτε γραφῇ παραδοθείη, ἄρρητος ὢν δυνάμει τῇ αὑτοῦ.

It is those that sacrifice not a sow, but some great and difficult sacrifice," who ought to inquire respecting God.

θυσαμένους οὐ χοῖρον, ἀλλά 5.10.66.5 τι μέγα καὶ ἄπορον θῦμα, οὕτω χρῆναι ζητεῖν περὶ θεοῦ.

It was from Moses that the chief of the Greeks drew these philosophical tenets. For he commands holocausts to be skinned and divided into parts. For the gnostic soul must be consecrated to the light, stript of the integuments of matter, devoid of the frivolousness of the body and of all the passions, which are acquired through vain and lying opinions, and divested of the lusts of the flesh. But the most of men, clothed with what is perishable, like cockles, and rolled all round in a ball in their excesses, like hedgehogs, entertain the same ideas of the blessed and incorruptible God as of themselves.

5.11.68.2 οἱ δὲ πλεῖστοι τῶν ἀνθρώπων τὸ θνητὸν ἐνδυόμενοι καθάπερ οἱ κοχλίαι καὶ περὶ τὰς αὑτῶν ἀκρασίας ὥσπερ οἱ ἐχῖνοι σφαιρηδὸν εἱλούμενοι περὶ τοῦ μακαρίου καὶ ἀφθάρτου θεοῦ τοιαῦτα οἷα καὶ περὶ αὑτῶν δοξάζουσιν.

It is not then without reason that in the mysteries that obtain among the Greeks, lustrations hold the first place; as also the layer among the Barbarians. After these are the minor mysteries, which have some foundation of instruction and of preliminary preparation for what is to come after; and the great [mysteries] of the whole [universe], but only to contemplate and comprehend nature and things.

5.11.71.1 μὲν τὰ καθάρσια, καθάπερ καὶ τοῖς βαρβάροις τὸ λουτρόν. μετὰ ταῦτα δ' ἐστὶ τὰ μικρὰ μυστήρια διδασκαλίας τινὰ ὑπόθεσιν ἔχοντα καὶ προπαρασκευῆς τῶν μελλόντων, τὰ δὲ μεγάλα περὶ τῶν συμπάντων, οὗ μανθάνειν <οὐκ>έτι ὑπολείπεται, ἐποπτεύειν δὲ καὶ περινοεῖν 5.11.71.2 τήν τε φύσιν καὶ τὰ πράγματα.

Similarly respecting sacrifices: "I do not desire the blood of bulls and the fat of lambs," and what the Holy Spirit by the prophet in the sequel forbids.

5.11.74.6 περί τε τῶν θυσιῶν ὁμοίως· αἷμα ταύρων καὶ στέαρ ἀρνῶν οὐ βούλομαι, καὶ ὅσα ἐπὶ τούτοις διὰ τοῦ προφήτου τὸ 5.11.75.1 πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον ἀπαγορεύει.

Rightly, then, in the great Epistle he says: "For it is not capable of expression, like other branches of study. But as the result of great intimacy with this subject, and living with it, a sudden light, like that kindled by a coruscating fire, arising in the soul, feeds itself."

εἰκότως οὖν ἐν τῇ μεγάλῃ ἐπιστολῇ ῥητὸν γὰρ φησὶν οὐδαμῶς ἐστιν ὡς τὰ ἄλλα μαθήματα, ἀλλ' <ἐκ> πολλῆς ξυνουσίας γιγνομένης περὶ τὸ πρᾶγμα αὐτὸ καὶ τοῦ συζῆν ἐξαίφνης οἷον ἀπὸ πυρὸς πηδήσαντος ἐξαφθὲν φῶς ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ γενόμενον 5.11.77.2 αὐτὸ ἑαυτὸ ἤδη τρέφει.

And he adds more clearly: "Him see I not, for round about, a cloud Has settled; for in mortal eyes are small, And mortal pupils -- only flesh and bones grow there."

“And they do not see it; for a cloud has set around it”

αὐτὸν δ’ οὐχ ὁρόωσι· περὶ γὰρ νέφος ἐστήρικται

For doubting, in Timaoeus, whether we ought to regard several worlds as to be understood by many heavens, or this one, he makes no distinction in the names, calling the world and heaven by the same name. But the words of the statement are as follows:

5.12.79.3 ἀπορήσας γοῦν ἐν τῷ Τιμαίῳ, εἰ χρὴ πλείονας κόσμους ἢ τοῦτον ἕνα νομίζειν, ἀδιαφορεῖ περὶ τὰ ὀνόματα, συνωνύμως κόσμον τε καὶ οὐρανὸν ἀποκαλῶν· τὰ δὲ τῆς λέξεως ὧδε 5.12.79.4 ἔχει·

And was it not this which the prophet meant, when he ordered unleavened cakes to be made, intimating that the truly sacred mystic word, respecting the unbegotten and His powers, ought to be concealed?

5.12.80.3 καὶ μή τι τοῦτ' ἦν ὃ ᾐνίσσετο ὁ προφήτης, ἐγκρυφίας κελεύων ποιεῖν ἀζύμους, μηνύων ὅτι τὸν ἱερὸν ὡς ἀληθῶς περὶ τοῦ ἀγενήτου καὶ τῶν δυνάμεων 5.12.80.4 αὐτοῦ μύστην λόγον ἐπικεκρύφθαι δεῖ.

And again the Gospel says that the Saviour spake to the apostles the word in a mystery. For prophecy says of Him: "He will open His mouth in parables, and will utter things kept secret from the foundation of the world." And now, by the parable of the leaven, the Lord shows concealment; for He says, "The kingdom of heaven is like leaven, which a woman took and hid in three measures of meal, till the whole was leavened."

5.12.80.7 καὶ πάλιν φησὶ τὸ εὐαγγέλιον, ὡς ὁ σωτὴρ ἡμῶν ἔλεγεν τοῖς ἀποστόλοις τὸν λόγον ἐν μυστηρίῳ· καὶ γὰρ ἡ προφητεία περὶ αὐτοῦ φησιν· ἀνοίξει ἐν παραβολαῖς τὸ στόμα αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐξερεύξεται τὰ 5.12.80.8 ἀπὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου κεκρυμμένα. ἤδη δὲ καὶ διὰ τῆς περὶ τὴν ζύμην παραβολῆς τὴν ἐπίκρυψιν ὁ κύριος δηλοῖ· φησὶ γάρ·

Accordingly Solon has written most wisely respecting God thus:

σοφώτατα τοίνυν γέγραπται τῷ Σόλωνι ταῦτα περὶ θεοῦ·

This discourse respecting God is most difficult to handle. For since the first principle of everything is difficult to find out, the absolutely first and oldest principle, which is the cause of all other things being and having been, is difficult to exhibit.

5.12.81.4 ναὶ μὴν ὁ δυσμεταχειριστότατος περὶ θεοῦ λόγος οὗτός ἐστιν. ἐπεὶ γὰρ ἀρχὴ παντὸς πράγματος δυσεύρετος, πάντως που ἡ πρώτη καὶ πρεσβυτάτη ἀρχὴ δύσδεικτος, ἥτις καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἅπασιν αἰτία τοῦ γενέσθαι καὶ γενο5.12.81.5 μένους εἶναι.

And if we name it, we do not do so properly, terming it either the One, or the Good, or Mind, or Absolute Being, or Father, or God, or Creator or Lord. We speak not as supplying His name; but for want, we use good names, in order that the mind may have these as points of support, so as not to err in other respects. For each one by itself does not express God; but all together are indicative of the power of the Omnipotent. For predicates are expressed either from what belongs to things themselves, or from their mutual relation. But none of these are admissible in reference to God. Nor any more is He apprehended by the science of demonstration. For it depends on primary and better known principles. But there is nothing antecedent to the Unbegotten.

ἀλλὰ κατὰ τὸ ἀδιά5.12.82.1 στατον καὶ μὴ ἔχον πέρας, καὶ τοίνυν ἀσχημάτιστον καὶ ἀνωνόμαστον. κἂν ὀνομάζωμεν αὐτό ποτε, οὐ κυρίως καλοῦντες ἤτοι ἓν ἢ τἀγαθὸν ἢ νοῦν ἢ αὐτὸ τὸ ὂν ἢ πατέρα ἢ θεὸν ἢ δημιουργὸν ἢ κύριον, οὐχ ὡς ὄνομα αὐτοῦ προφερόμενοι λέγομεν, ὑπὸ δὲ ἀπορίας ὀνόμασι καλοῖς προσχρώμεθα, ἵν' ἔχῃ ἡ διάνοια, μὴ περὶ ἄλλα πλα νωμένη, ἐπερείδεσθαι τούτοις. οὐ γὰρ τὸ καθ' ἕκαστον μηνυτικὸν τοῦ θεοῦ, ἀλλὰ ἀθρόως ἅπαντα ἐνδεικτικὰ τῆς τοῦ παντοκράτορος δυνάμεως· τὰ γὰρ λεγόμενα ἢ ἐκ τῶν προσόντων αὐτοῖς ῥητά ἐστιν ἢ ἐκ τῆς πρὸς ἄλληλα σχέσεως, οὐδὲν δὲ τούτων λαβεῖν οἷόν τε περὶ τοῦ θεοῦ. ἀλλ' οὐδὲ ἐπιστήμῃ λαμβάνεται τῇ ἀποδεικτικῇ· αὕτη γὰρ ἐκ προτέρων καὶ
γνωριμωτέρων συνίσταται, τοῦ δὲ ἀγεν5.12.82.4 νήτου οὐδὲν προϋπάρχει. λείπεται δὴ θείᾳ χάριτι καὶ μόνῳ τῷ παρ' αὐτοῦ λόγῳ τὸ ἄγνωστον νοεῖν, καθὸ καὶ ὁ Λουκᾶς ἐν ταῖς Πράξεσι τῶν ἀποστόλων ἀπομνημονεύει τὸν Παῦλον λέγοντα

And now I will adduce Plato himself, who clearly deems it fit to believe the children of God. For, discoursing on gods that are visible and born, in Timaoeus, he says: "But to speak of the other demons and to know their birth, is too much for us."

5.13.84.1 καὶ δὴ αὐτόν σοι Πλάτωνα παραστήσω ἄντικρυς ἤδη θεοῦ παισὶ πιστεύειν ἀξιοῦντα· περὶ γὰρ θεῶν ὁρατῶν τε καὶ γενητῶν ποιησάμενος τὸν λόγον ἐν τῷ Τιμαίῳ περὶ δὲ τῶν ἄλλων δαιμόνων εἰπεῖν καὶ γνῶναι τὴν γένεσιν φησὶ μεῖζον ἢ καθ' ἡμᾶς.

I do not think it possible that clearer testimony could be borne by the Greeks, that our Saviour, and those anointed to prophesy (the latter being called the sons of God, and the Lord being His own Son), are the true witnesses respecting divine things

5.13.84.2 καὶ ἀναγκαίων ἀποδείξεων λέγουσιν. οὐκ οἶμαι δύνασθαι σαφέστερον ὑπὸ Ἑλλήνων προσμαρτυρήσεσθαι τὸν σωτῆρα ἡμῶν καὶ τοὺς εἰς προφητείαν κεχρισμένους, τοὺς μὲν παῖδας θεοῦ ἀνηγορευμένους, τὸν δὲ κύριον υἱὸν ὄντα γνήσιον, ἀληθεῖς εἶναι περὶ τῶν θείων μάρκυρας·

For there was always a natural manifestation of the one Almighty God, among all right-thinking men; and the most, who had not quite divested themselves of shame with respect to the truth, apprehended the eternal beneficence in divine providence. In fine, then, Xenocrates the Chalcedonian was not quite without hope that the notion of the Divinity existed even in the irrational creatures.

θεοῦ μὲν γὰρ ἔμφασις ἑνὸς ἦν τοῦ παντοκράτορος παρὰ πᾶσι τοῖς εὖ φρονοῦσι πάντοτε φυσική, καὶ τῆς ἀιδίου κατὰ τὴν θείαν πρόνοιαν εὐεργεσίας ἀντελαμβάνοντο οἱ πλεῖ5.13.87.3 στοι, οἱ καὶ μὴ τέλεον ἀπηρυθριακότες πρὸς τὴν ἀλήθειαν. καθόλου γοῦν τὴν περὶ τοῦ θείου ἔννοιαν Ξενοκράτης ὁ Καλχηδόνιος οὐκ ἀπελπίζει καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἀλόγοις ζῴοις

The Platonists hold that mind is an effluence of divine dispensation in the soul, and they place the soul in the body. For it is expressly said by Joel, one of the twelve prophets, "And it shall come to pass after these things, I will pour out of My Spirit on all flesh, and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy." But it is not as a portion of God that the Spirit is in each of us. But how this dispensation takes place, and what the Holy Spirit is, shall be shown by us in On prophecy, and in those On the soul.

5.13.88.4, 5 ὅπως δὲ ἡ διανομὴ αὕτη καὶ ὅ τί ποτέ ἐστι τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα, ἐν τοῖς Περὶ προφητείας κἀν τοῖς Περὶ ψυχῆς ἐπιδειχθήσεται ἡμῖν.

This seems to indicate that even at Book Five On Prophesy and On the Soul have yet to be revealed in the Stromateis

Let them then know that what is called matter by them, is said by them to be without quality, and without form, and more daringly said by Plato to be non-existence. And does he not say very mystically, knowing that the true and real first cause is one, in these very words: "Now, then, let our opinion be so. As to the first principle or principles of the universe, or what opinion we ought to entertain about all these points, we are not now to speak, for no other cause than on account of its being difficult to explain our sentiments in accordance with the present form of discourse." But undoubtedly that prophetic expression, "Now the earth was invisible and formless,"

τὴν μὲν περὶ πάντων εἴτε ἀρχὴν εἴτε ἀρχὰς εἴτε ὅπῃ δοκεῖ τούτων πέρι, τὸ νῦν οὐ ῥητέον, δι' ἄλλο μὲν οὐδέν, διὰ δὲ τὸ χαλεπὸν εἶναι κατὰ 5.14.90.1 τὸν παρόντα τρόπον τῆς διεξόδου δηλῶσαι τὰ δοκοῦντα.

Accordingly, Antipatrus the Stoic, who composed three books on the point, "That, according to Plato, only the beautiful is good," shows that, according to him, virtue is sufficient for happiness; and adduces several other dogmas agreeing with the Stoics.

Ἀντίπατρος μὲν οὖν ὁ Στωϊκός, τρία συγγραψάμενος βιβλία περὶ τοῦ ὅτι κατὰ Πλάτωνα μόνον τὸ καλὸν ἀγαθόν, ἀποδείκνυσιν ὅτι καὶ κατ' αὐτὸν αὐτάρκης ἡ ἀρετὴ πρὸς εὐδαιμονίαν, καὶ ἄλλα πλείω παρατίθεται δόγματα σύμφωνα 5.14.97.7 τοῖς Στωϊκοῖς.

And exhibiting the Christian life, he writes in the Theoetetus in these words: "Let us now speak of the highest principles.

5.14.98.5 τόν τε Χριστιανῶν βίον ἐμφαίνων κατὰ λέξιν γράφει ἐν τῷ Θεαιτήτῳ· λέγωμεν δὴ περὶ τῶν κορυφαίων.

Again, with the Lord's saying, "Let your yea be yea, and your nay nay," may be compared the following: "But to admit a falsehood, and destroy a truth, is in nowise lawful." With the prohibition, also, against swearing agrees the saying in the tenth book of the Laws: "Let praise and an oath in everything be absent."

ἀλλά μοι ψεῦδός τε συγχωρῆσαι καὶ 5.14.99.2 ἀληθὲς ἀφανίσαι οὐδαμῶς θέμις· τῇ τε περὶ τοῦ ὀμόσαι ἀπαγορεύσει συνᾴδει ἥδε ἡ ἐν τῷ δεκάτῳ τῶν Νόμων λέξις· ἔπαινος δὲ ὅρκος 5.14.99.3 τε περὶ παντὸς ἀπέστω.

So that when he says, "Around the king of all, all things are, and because of Him are all things; and he [or that] is the cause of all good things; and around the second are the things second in order; and around the third, the third," 5.14.103.1 τε ἔργων. ὥστε καὶ ἐπὰν εἴπῃ περὶ τὸν πάντων βασιλέα πάντα ἐστὶ κἀκείνου ἕνεκεν τὰ πάντα κἀκεῖνο αἴτιον ἁπάντων <τῶν> καλῶν, δεύτερον δὲ περὶ τὰ δεύτερα καὶ τρίτον περὶ τὰ τρίτα, οὐκ ἄλλως ἔγωγε ἐξακούω ἢ τὴν ἁγίαν τριάδα μηνύεσθαι· I understand nothing else than the Holy Trinity to be meant; for the third is the Holy Spirit, and the Son is the second, by whom all things were made according to the will of the Father.

For fire is by the Word of God, which governs all things, changed by the air into moisture, which is, as it were, the germ of cosmical change; and this he calls sea. And out of it again is produced earth, and sky, and all that they contain. How, again, they are restored and ignited, he shows clearly in these words: "The sea is diffused and measured according to the same rule which subsisted before it became earth." Similarly also respecting the other elements, the same is to be understood. ὁμοίως καὶ περὶ τῶν 5.14.105.1 ἄλλων στοιχείων τὰ αὐτά. The most renowned of the Stoics teach similar doctrines with him, in treating of the conflagration and the government of the world, and both the world and man properly so called, and of the continuance of our souls. παραπλήσια τούτῳ καὶ οἱ ἐλλογιμώτατοι τῶν Στωϊκῶν δογματίζουσι περί τε ἐκπυρώσεως διαλαμβάνοντες καὶ κόσμου διοικήσεως καὶ τοῦ ἰδίως ποιοῦ κόσμου τε καὶ ἀνθρώπου 5.14.105.2 καὶ τῆς τῶν ἡμετέρων ψυχῶν ἐπιδιαμονῆς.

Hesiod says of it:

5.14.107.2 Ἡσίοδος μὲν <οὖν> οὕτως περὶ αὐτῆς λέγει·

Let us hear, then, the lyric poet Bacchylides speaking of the divine: "Who to diseases dire never succumb, And blameless are; in nought resembling men." And also Cleanthes, the Stoic, who writes thus in a poem on the Deity:

5.14.110.1 Ἀκούσωμεν οὖν πάλιν Βακχυλίδου τοῦ μελοποιοῦ περὶ τοῦ θείου λέγοντος· οἳ μὲν ἀδμῆτες ἀεικελιᾶν νούσων εἰσὶ<ν> καὶ ἄνατοι, οὐδὲν ἀνθρώποις ἴκελοι· 5.14.110.2 Κλεάνθους τε τοῦ Στωϊκοῦ ἔν τινι ποιήματι περὶ τοῦ θεοῦ ταῦτα γεγραφότος· 5.14.110.3

We are not, then, to think of God according to the opinion of the multitude.

5.14.111.2 οὔκουν ἔτι κατὰ τὴν τῶν πολλῶν δόξαν περὶ τοῦ θείου ὑποληπτέον.

And Parmenides the great, as Plato says in the Sophist writes of God thus: "Very much, since unborn and indestructible He is, Whole, only-begotten, and immoveable, and unoriginated."

5.14.112.2 Παρμενίδης δὲ ὁ μέγας, ὥς φησιν ἐν Σοφιστῇ Πλάτων, ὧδέ πως περὶ τοῦ θείου γράφει·

And in the drama of Pirithous, the same writes those lines in tragic vein: "Thee, self-sprung, who on Ether's wheel Hast universal nature spun, Around whom Light and dusky spangled Night, The countless host of stars, too, ceaseless dance."

5.14.114.2 ἐν δὲ τῷ Πειρίθῳ δράματι ὁ αὐτὸς καὶ τάδε τραγῳδεῖ· σὲ τὸν αὐτοφυῆ, τὸν ἐν αἰθερίῳ ῥόμβῳ πάντων φύσιν ἐμπλέξαντα, ὃν πέρι μὲν φῶς, πέρι δ' ὀρφναία νὺξ αἰολόχρως ἄκριτός τ' ἄστρων ὄχλος ἐνδελεχῶς ἀμφιχορεύει.

The comic poet Epicharmus speaks in the Republic clearly of the Word in the following terms 5.14.118.1 Ὅ τε κωμικὸς Ἐπίχαρμος σαφῶς περὶ τοῦ λόγου ἐν τῇ Πολιτείᾳ λέγει ὧδέ πως·"The life of men needs calculation and number alone, And we live by number and calculation, for these save mortals." He then adds expressly: "Reason governs mortals, and alone preserves manners." Then: "There is in man reasoning; and there is a divine Reason. 5.14.118.3 εἶτα, εἰ ἔστιν ἀνθρώπῳ λογισμός, ἔστι καὶ θεῖος λόγος· Reason is implanted in man to provide for life and sustenance, <ὃ μὲν ἐν> ἀνθρώπῳ πέφυκεν περὶ βίου καταστροφάς But divine Reason attends the arts in the case of all, Teaching them always what it is advantageous to do.

Again Diphilus, the comic poet, discourses as, follows on the judgment: "Think'st thou, O Niceratus, that the dead, Who in all kinds of luxury in life have shared, Escape the Deity, as if forgot?

5.14.120.3 ἔτι σοῦ λαλοῦντος, φησὶν ἡ γραφή, ἐρῶ· ἰδοὺ πάρειμι. 5.14.121.1 ∆ίφιλος πάλιν ὁ κωμικὸς τοιαῦτά τινα περὶ τῆς κρίσεως διαλέγεται·

5.14.123.1 And again, respecting God,

αὖθίς τε περὶ τοῦ θεοῦ,

saying that He was invisible, and that He was known to but one, a Chaldean by race -- meaning either by this Abraham or his son -- he speaks as follows: "But one a scion of Chaldean race; For he the sun's path knew right well, And how the motion of the sphere about The earth proceeds, in circle moving Equally around its axis, how the winds Their chariot guide o'er air and sea."

5.14.123.2 ἀόρατον αὐτὸν λέγων, μόνῳ γνωσθῆναι ἑνί τινί φησι τὸ γένος Χαλδαίῳ, εἴτε τὸν Ἀβραὰμ λέγων τοῦτον εἴτε καὶ τὸν υἱὸν τὸν αὐτοῦ, διὰ τούτων· εἰ μὴ μουνογενής τις ἀπορρὼξ φύλου ἄνωθεν Χαλδαίων· γὰρ ἔην ἄστροιο πορείης, καὶ σφαίρης κίνημ' ἀμφὶ χθόνα θ' ὡς περιτέλλει κυκλοτερὲς ἐν ἴσῳ τε κατὰ σφέτερον κνώδακα, πνεύματα δ' ἡνιοχεῖ περί τ' ἠέρα καὶ περὶ χεῦμα.

Then, as if paraphrasing the expression, "Heaven is my throne, and earth is my footstool," he adds : "But in great heaven, He is seated firm Upon a throne of gold, and neath His feet The earth. His right hand round the ocean's bound He stretches; and the hills' foundations shake To the centre at His wrath, nor can endure His mighty strength. He all celestial is, And all things finishes upon the earth. He the Beginning, Middle is, and End.

5.14.124.1 εἶτα οἷον <παραφράζων> τὸ ὁ οὐρανός μοι θρόνος, ἡ δὲ γῆ ὑποπόδιον τῶν ποδῶν μου ἐπιφέρει· αὐτὸς δ' αὖ μέγαν αὖτις ἐπ' οὐρανὸν ἐστήρικται χρυσέῳ εἰνὶ θρόνῳ, γαίη δ' ὑπὸ ποσσὶ βέβηκεν. χεῖρα <δὲ> δεξιτερὴν περὶ τέρμασιν ὠκεανοῖο ἐκτέτακεν, ὀρέων δὲ τρέμει βάσις ἔνδοθι θυμῷ οὐδὲ φέρειν δύναται κρατερὸν μένος.

In addition to these, the most prophetic Apollo is compelled -- thus testifying to the glory of God -- to say of Athene, when the Medes made war against Greece, that she besought and supplicated Zeus for Attica. The oracle is as follows: "Pallas cannot Olympian Zeus propitiate, Although with many words and sage advice she prays; But he will give to the devouring fire many temples of the immortals, Who now stand shaking with terror, and bathed in sweat;" and so forth.

5.14.132.1 Ἐπὶ τούτοις ὁ μαντικώτατος Ἀπόλλων, μαρτυρῶν τῇ δόξῃ τοῦ θεοῦ, λέγειν ἀναγκάζεται περὶ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς, ἡνίκα ἐπὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα ἐστράτευον <οἱ> Μῆδοι, ὡς ἐδεῖτό τε καὶ ἱκέτευε τὸν ∆ία περὶ τῆς5.14.132.2 Ἀττικῆς. ἔχει δὲ ὧδε ὁ χρησμός· οὐ δύναται Παλλὰς ∆ί' Ὀλύμπιον ἐξιλάσασθαι, λισσομένη πολλοῖσι λόγοις καὶ μήτιδι πυκνῇ· πολλοὺς δ' ἀθανάτων νηοὺς μαλερῷ πυρὶ δώσει, οἵ που νῦν ἱδρῶτι ῥεεύμενοι ἑστήκασιν δείματι παλλόμενοι, καὶ τὰ ἐπὶ τούτοις. 5.14.133.1 Θεαρίδας δὲ ἐν τῷ Περὶ φύσεως γράφει·

Wherefore every eastern nation, and every nation touching the western shore; or the north, and each one towards the south, -- all have one and the same preconception respecting Him who hath appointed government; since the most universal of His operations equally pervade all.

διὸ πᾶν μὲν ἔθνος ἑῴων, πᾶν δὲ ἑσπερίων ἁπτόμενον ᾐ<όνων> βόρειόν τε καὶ τὰ πρὸς τῷ νότῳ πάντα μίαν ἔχει καὶ τὴν αὐτὴν πρόληψιν περὶ τοῦ καταστησαμένου τὴν ἡγεμονίαν, εἴ γε καὶ τὰ καθολικώτατα τῶν ἐνεργημάτων αὐτοῦ διαπεφοίτηκεν ἐπ' ἴσης πάντα· 5.14.134.1

He, then, who is not obedient to the truth, and is puffed up with human teaching, is wretched and miserable, according to Euripides: "Who these things seeing, yet apprehends not God, But mouthing lofty themes, casts far Perverse deceits; stubborn in which, the tongue Its shafts discharges, about things unseen, Devoid of sense."

5.14.137.2 ὁ τοίνυν μὴ πειθόμενος τῇ ἀληθείᾳ, διδασκαλίᾳ δὲ ἀνθρωπίνῃ τετυφωμένος, δυσδαίμων, ἄθλιός τε καὶ κατὰ τὸν Εὐριπίδην, ὃς τάδε λεύσσων θεὸν οὐχὶ νοεῖ, μετεωρολόγων δ' ἑκὰς ἔρριψεν σκολιὰς ἀπάτας, ὧν ἀτηρὰ γλῶσσα εἰκοβολεῖ περὶ τῶν ἀφανῶν, οὐδὲν γνώμης μετέχουσα.

It having been, then, as I think, clearly shown in what way it is to be understood that the Greeks were called thieves by the Lord, I willingly leave the dogmas of the philosophers. For were we 'to go over their sayings, we should gather together directly such a quantity of notes, in showing that the whole of the Hellenic wisdom was derived from the Barbarian philosophy. But this speculation, we shall, nevertheless, again touch on, as necessity requires, when we collect the opinions current among the Greeks respecting first principles.

But from what has been said, it tacitly devolves on us to consider in what way the Hellenic books are to be perused by the man who is able to pass through the billows in them. Therefore "Happy is he who possesses the wealth of the divine mind," as appears according to Empedocles, "But wretched he, who cares for dark opinion about the Gods."

εἰ γὰρ καὶ τὰς λέξεις ἐπίοιμεν αὐτῶν, οὐκ ἂν φθάνοιμεν, πλῆθος ὅσον ὑπομνημάτων συνερανίζοντες, ἐκ τῆς βαρβάρου φιλοσοφίας πᾶσαν φερομένην τὴν παρ' Ἕλλησιν ἐν5.14.140.3 δεικνύμενοι σοφίαν. ἧς θεωρίας οὐδὲν ἧττον αὖθις ἐφαψόμεθα κατὰ τὸ ἀναγκαῖον, ὁπηνίκα ἂν τὰς περὶ ἀρχῶν δόξας τὰς παρ' Ἕλλησι 5.14.140.4 φερομένας ἀναλεγώμεθα.

Therefore "Happy is he who possesses the wealth of the divine mind," as appears according to Empedocles, "But wretched he, who cares for dark opinion about the Gods."

5.14.140.5 ὄλβιος, ὡς ἔοικεν, ἄρα ἐστὶν κατὰ τὸν Ἐμπεδοκλέα, ὃς θείων πραπίδων ἐκτήσατο πλοῦτον, δειλὸς δ' ᾧ σκοτόεσσα θεῶν πέρι δόξα μέμηλεν.

[Secret Alias]

Book Six

The sixth and also the seventh Miscellany of gnostic notes, in accordance with the true philosophy, having delineated as well as possible the ethical argument (τὸν ἠθικὸν λόγον) conveyed in them, and having exhibited what the Gnostic is in his life (τὸν βίον ὁ γνωστικός), proceed to show the philosophers that he is by no means impious (τοῖς φιλοσόφοις οὐδαμῶς ὡς ἄθεον τοῦτον), as they suppose, but that he alone is truly pious (μόνον δὲ τῷ ὄντι θεοσεβῆ), by a compendious exhibition of the Gnostic's form of religion (τοῦ γνωστικοῦ κεφαλαιωδῶς), as far as it is possible, without danger, to commit it to writing in a book of reference.

The Greeks, then, clearly learning, from what shall be said by us in these pages, that in profanely persecuting the Godloving man, they themselves act impiously; then, as the notes advance, in accordance with the style of the Miscellanies, we must solve the difficulties raised both by Greeks and Barbarians with respect to the coming of the Lord.

ἐναργῶς οὖν τῶν Ἑλλήνων μαθόντων ἐκ τῶν λεχθησομένων διὰ τῶνδε ἡμῖν, ὡς ἀνοσίως τὸν θεοφιλῆ διώκοντες ἀσεβοῦσιν αὐτοί, τότε ἤδη, προϊόντων τῶν ὑπομνημάτων κατὰ τὸν τῶν Στρωματέων χαρακτῆρα, ἐπιλυτέον τά τε ὑπὸ Ἑλλήνων τά τε ὑπὸ βαρβάρων προσαπορούμενα ἡμῖν περὶ τῆς τοῦ κυρίου παρουσίας. 6.1.2.1

I postpone the elucidation of these till we advance to the confutation of what is said by the Greeks on first principles; for we shall show that the mysteries belong to the same branch of speculation. ταῦτα μὲν ὑπερτίθεμαι διασαφήσων, ὁπηνίκα ἂν τὰ περὶ ἀρχῶν τοῖς Ἕλλησιν εἰρημένα ἐπιόντες διελέγχωμεν· 6.2.4.3

Again, Homer having said: "With feet unwashed sleeping on the ground," Euripides writes in Erechteus: "Upon the plain spread with no couch they sleep Nor m the streams of water lave their feet."

6.2.9.5 Ὁμήρου τε εἰπόντος· αἰδώς, ἥτ' ἄνδρας μέγα σίνεται ἠδ' ὀνίνησιν, 6.2.9.6 Εὐριπίδης ἐν Ἐρεχθεῖ γράφει· αἰδοῦς δὲ <κ>αὐτὸς δυσκρίτως ἔχω πέρι·

Similarly speaks to thee Plato, writing of man as a creature subject to change.

6.2.13.7 καὶ κατάλληλά σοί φησιν ὁ Πλάτων γράφων περὶ ἀνθρώπου <ὡς> εὐμεταβόλου ζῴου.

But not to protract the discourse further, in our anxiety to show the propensity of the Greeks to plagiarism in expressions and dogmas, allow us to adduce the express testimony of Hippias, the sophist of Elea, who discourses on the point in hand, and speaks thus:

6.2.15.1 Ἀλλ' ἵνα μὴ ἐπὶ πλέον προΐῃ ὁ λόγος φιλοτιμουμένων ἡμῶν τὸ εὐεπίφορον εἰς κλοπὴν τῶν Ἑλλήνων κατὰ τοὺς λόγους τε καὶ τὰ δόγματα ἐπιδεικνύναι, φέρε ἄντικρυς μαρτυροῦντα ἡμῖν Ἱππίαν τὸν σοφιστὴν τὸν Ἠλεῖον, ὃς <εἰς> τὸν αὐτὸν περὶ τοῦ προκειμένου μοι 6.2.15.2
σκέμματος ἥκει λόγον, παραστησώμεθα ὧδέ πως λέγοντα·

Andocides does not shrink from saying, "For we must make use of what has happened previously as signs in reference to what is to be."

χρὴ γὰρ τεκμηρίοις χρῆσθαι τοῖς πρότερον γενομένοις περὶ τῶν μελλόντων ἔσεσθαι.

Again, Demosthenes having said, "What zeal and what canvassing, O men of Athens, have been employed in this contest, I think almost all of you are aware;"

6.2.20.7 Πάλιν ∆ημοσθένους εἰπόντος ὅση μέν, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, σπουδὴ περὶ τουτονὶ τὸν ἀγῶνα καὶ παραγγελία γέγονεν, σχεδὸν οἶ6.2.20.8 μαι πάντας ὑμᾶς

"What zeal, what forming of the line of battle, gentlemen of the jury, have taken place in this contest, I think not one of you is ignorant."

ὅση μέν, ὦ ἄνδρες δικασταί, σπουδὴ καὶ παράταξις γεγένηται περὶ τὸν ἀγῶνα τουτονί, οὐδ' ἕνα ὑμῶν ἀγνοεῖν ἡγοῦμαι. 6.2.21.1

Since Homer also having written: "O friend, if in this war, by taking flight, We should from age and death exemption win, I would not fight among the first myself, Nor would I send thee to the glorious fray;

6.2.21.3 Ἐπεὶ καὶ Ὁμήρου ποιήσαντος· ὦ πέπον, εἰ μὲν γὰρ πόλεμον περὶ τόνδε φυγόντες αἰεὶ δὴ μέλλοιμεν ἀγήρω τ' ἀθανάτω τε ἔσσεσθ', οὔτε κεν αὐτὸς ἐνὶ πρώτοισι μαχοίμην οὔτε κε σὲ στέλλοιμι μάχην ἐς κυδιάνειραν·

Herodotus says, "Mother and father being no more, I shall not have another brother." In addition to these, Theopompus having written: "Twice children are old men in very truth;"

6.2.23.1 Ἡροδότου τε αὖ ἐν τῷ περὶ Γλαύκου τοῦ Σπαρτιάτου λόγῳ φήσαντος τὴν Πυθίαν εἰπεῖν τὸ πειρηθῆναι τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ τὸ ποιῆσαι 6.2.23.2 ἴσον γενέσθαι, Ἀριστοφάνης ἔφη·

For stealing entirely what is the production of others they have published it as their own; as Eugamon of Cyrene did the entire book on the Thesprotians from Musaeus, and Pisander of Camirus the Heraclea of Pisinus of Lindus, and Panyasis of Halicarnassus, the capture of OEchalia from Cleophilus of Samos.

αὐτοτελῶς γὰρ τὰ ἑτέρων ὑφελόμενοι ὡς ἴδια ἐξήνεγκαν, καθάπερ Εὐγάμμων ὁ Κυρηναῖος ἐκ Μουσαίου τὸ περὶ Θεσπρωτῶν βιβλίον ὁλόκληρον καὶ Πείσανδρος <ὁ> Καμιρεὺς Πεισίνου τοῦ Λινδίου τὴν Ἡράκλειαν, Πανύασ<σ>ίς τε ὁ Ἁλικαρνασσεὺς παρὰ Κρεωφύλου τοῦ Σαμίου τὴν Οἰχαλίας ἅλωσιν. 6.2.26.1

For, blowing violently around Cape Sepias, they shivered the whole preparations of the Persian expedition.

πνεύσαντες γὰρ ἐρρωμένως περὶ τὴν Σηπιάδα ἄκραν συνέτριψαν πᾶσαν τὴν παρασκευὴν τοῦ Περσικοῦ στόλου. 6.3.30.1

This is the Lord of powers, and principalities, and authorities, of whom Moses speaks; so that we may be with Him.

6.3.30.5 οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ τῶν δυνάμεων καὶ τῶν ἀρχῶν καὶ τῶν ἐξουσιῶν κύριος, περὶ οὗ ὁ Μωυσῆς λέγει, ἵνα αὐτῷ συνῶμεν·

But of these, as the work proceeds, in On the Angels, we shall discourse.

ἀλλὰ περὶ μὲν τούτων ἐν τῷ περὶ ἀγγέλων λόγῳ προϊούσης τῆς γραφῆς κατὰ καιρὸν διαλεξόμεθα. 6.3.32.2

How then shall the Greeks any longer disbelieve the divine appearance on Mount Sinai, when the fire burned, consuming none of the things that grew on the mount; and the sound of trampets issued forth, breathed without instruments?

6.3.32.3 Πῶς δὲ ἔτι ἀπιστήσουσιν Ἕλληνες τῇ θείᾳ ἐπιφανείᾳ περὶ τὸ ὄρος τὸ Σινᾶ, ὁπηνίκα πῦρ μὲν ἐφλέγετο, μηδὲν καταναλίσκον τῶν φυομένων κατὰ τὸ ὄρος, σαλπίγγων τε ἦχος ἐφέρετο ἄνευ ὀργάνων 6.3.32.4 ἐμπνεόμενος

For such is the allegory, according to the Scripture. But the fire was seen, as Aristobulus says, while the whole multitude, amounting to not less than a million, besides those under age, were congregated around the mountain, the circuit of the mount not being less than five days' journey.

πλὴν ἑωράθη τὸ πῦρ, ὥ φησιν Ἀριστόβουλος, παντὸς τοῦ πλήθους μυριάδων οὐκ ἔλασσον ἑκατόν, χωρὶς τῶν ἀφηλίκων, ἐκκλησιαζόντων κύκλῳ τοῦ ὄρους, οὐχ ἧττον ἡμερῶν πέντε 6.3.33.1 τῆς περιόδου τυγχανούσης περὶ τὸ ὄρος

You see how the Lord's voice, the Word, without shape, the power of the Word, the luminous word of the Lord, the truth from heaven, from above, coming to the assembly of the Church, wrought by the luminous immediate ministry. We shall find another testimony in confirmation, in the fact that the best of the philosophers, having appropriated their most excellent dogmas from us, boast, as it were, of certain of the tenets which pertain to each sect being culled from other Barbarians, chiefly from the Egyptians -- both other tenets, and that especially of the transmigration of the soul.

6.4.35.1 Εὕροιμεν δ' ἂν καὶ ἄλλο μαρτύριον εἰς βεβαίωσιν τοῦ τὰ κάλλιστα τῶν δογμάτων τοὺς ἀρίστους τῶν φιλοσόφων παρ' ἡμῶν σφετερισαμένους ὡς ἴδια αὐχεῖν τὸ καὶ παρὰ τῶν ἄλλων βαρβάρων ἀπηνθίσθαι τῶν εἰς ἑκάστην αἵρεσιν συντεινόντων τινά, μάλιστα δὲ Αἰγυπτίων τά τε ἄλλα καὶ τὸ περὶ τὴν μετενσωμάτωσιν τῆς ψυχῆς 6.4.35.2 δόγμα.

For they say that he must learn two of the books of Hermes, the one of which contains the hymns of the gods, the second the regulations for the king's life. And after the Singer advances the Astrologer, with a horologe in his hand, and a palm, the symbols of astrology. He must have the astrological books of Hermes, which are four in number, always in his mouth. Of these, one is about the order of the fixed stars that are visible, and another about the conjunctions and luminous appearances of the sun and moon; and the rest respecting their risings.
Next in order advances the sacred Scribe, with wings on his head, and in his hand a book and rule, in which were writing ink and the reed, with which they write. And he must be acquainted with what are called hieroglyphics, and know about cosmography and geography, the position of the sun and moon, and about the five planets; also the description of Egypt, and the chart of the Nile and the description of the equipment of the priests and of the places consecrated to them, and about the measures and the things in use in the sacred rites.

6.4.35.4 Μετὰ δὲ τὸν ᾠδὸν ὁ ὡροσκόπος, ὡρολόγιόν τε μετὰ χεῖρα καὶ φοίνικα ἀστρολογίας ἔχων σύμβολα, πρόεισιν. τοῦτον τὰ ἀστρολο γούμενα τῶν Ἑρμοῦ βιβλίων τέσσαρα ὄντα τὸν ἀριθμὸν ἀεὶ διὰ στόματος ἔχειν χρή, ὧν τὸ μέν ἐστι περὶ τοῦ διακόσμου τῶν ἀπλανῶν φαινομένων ἄστρων, <τὸ δὲ περὶ τῆς τάξεως τοῦ ἡλίου καὶ τῆς σελήνης καὶ περὶ τῶν πέντε πλανωμένων,> τὸ δὲ περὶ τῶν συνόδων καὶ φωτισμῶν ἡλίου καὶ σελήνης, τὸ δὲ λοιπὸν περὶ τῶν ἀνατολῶν. τοῦτον τὰ τε ἱερογλυφικὰ καλούμενα περί τε τῆς κοσμογραφίας καὶ γεωγραφίας τῆς τάξεως τοῦ ἡλίου καὶ τῆς σελήνης καὶ περὶ τῶν πέντε πλανωμένων, χωρογραφίας τε τῆς Αἰγύπτου καὶ τῆς τοῦ Νείλου διαγραφῆς περί τε τῆς καταγραφῆς <κατα>σκευῆς τῶν ἱερῶν καὶ τῶν ἀφιερωμένων αὐτοῖς χωρίων περί τε μέτρων καὶ τῶν ἐν τοῖς ἱεροῖς χρησίμων εἰδέναι χρή.

here are also ten books which relate to the honour paid by them to their gods, and containing the Egyptian worship; as that relating to sacrifices, first-fruits, hymns, prayers, processions, festivals, and the like.

6.4.36.2 δέκα δέ ἐστι τὰ εἰς τὴν τιμὴν ἀνήκοντα τῶν παρ' αὐτοῖς θεῶν καὶ τὴν Αἰγυπτίαν εὐσέβειαν περιέχοντα, οἷον περὶ θυμάτων, ἀπαρχῶν, ὕμνων, εὐχῶν, πομπῶν ἑορτῶν καὶ τῶν τούτοις ὁμοίων.

He, as being the governor of the temple, learns the ten books called "Hieratic;" and they contain all about the laws, and the gods, and the whole of the training of the priests.

6.4.37.2 οὗτος, ὡς ἂν προστάτης τοῦ ἱεροῦ, τὰ ἱερατικὰ καλούμενα δέκα βιβλία ἐκμανθάνει (περιέχει δὲ περί τε νόμων καὶ θεῶν καὶ τῆς ὅλης παιδείας τῶν ἱερέων)·

of which the six-and-thirty containing the whole philosophy of the Egyptians are learned by the forementioned personages; and the other six, which are medical, by the Pastophoroi (image-bearers), -- treating of the structure of the body, and of diseases, and instruments, and medicines, and about the eyes, and the last about women.

ὧν τὰς μὲν τριάκοντα ἓξ τὴν πᾶσαν Αἰγυπτίων περιεχούσας φιλοσοφίαν οἱ προειρημένοι ἐκμανθάνουσι, τὰς δὲ λοιπὰς ἓξ οἱ παστοφόροι ἰατρικὰς οὔσας περί τε τῆς τοῦ σώματος κατασκευῆς καὶ περὶ νόσων καὶ περὶ ὀργάνων καὶ φαρμάκων καὶ περὶ ὀφθαλμ<ι>ῶν καὶ τὸ τελευταῖον περὶ τῶν γυναικείων. 6.4.38.1

Now also Valentinus, the Coryphaeus of those who herald community, in his book on The Intercourse of Friends, writes in these words:

ἤδη δὲ καὶ τῶν τὴν κοινότητα πρεσβευόντων ὁ κορυφαῖος Οὐαλεντῖνος ἐν τῇ Περὶ φίλων ὁμιλίᾳ κατὰ λέξιν γράφει·

As we have long ago pointed out, what we propose as our subject is not the discipline which obtains in each sect, but that which is really philosophy, strictly systematic Wisdom, which furnishes acquaintance with the things which pertain to life.

6.7.54.1 * * ὡς πάλαι παρεσημειωσάμεθα, οὐ τὴν κατὰ ἑκάστην αἵρεσιν ἀγωγήν φαμεν, ἀλλ', ὅπερ ὄντως ἐστὶ φιλοσοφία, † ὀρθῶς σοφίαν τεχνικήν, τὴν ἐμπειρίαν παρέχουσαν τῶν περὶ τὸν βίον

Now those are called philosophers, among us, who love Wisdom, the Creator and Teacher of all things, that is, the knowledge of the Son of God; and among the Greeks, those who undertake arguments on virtue.

6.7.55.1 φιλόσοφοι δὲ λέγονται παρ' ἡμῖν μὲν οἱ σοφίας ἐρῶντες τῆς πάντων δημιουργοῦ καὶ διδασκάλου, τουτέστι γνώσεως τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ, παρ' Ἕλλησι δὲ οἱ τῶν περὶ 6.7.55.3 ἀρετῆς λόγων ἀντιλαμβανόμενοι.

And it is just like geometry, which treats of measures and magnitudes and forms,

καὶ μὴν ὡς ἡ γεωμετρία περὶ μέτρα καὶ μεγέθη καὶ σχήματα πραγματευομένη

This voluptuous and selfish philosophy the apostle calls "the wisdom of this world;" in consequence of its teaching the things of this world and about it alone, and its consequent subjection, as far as respects ascendancy, to those who rule here. Wherefore also this fragmentary philosophy is very elementary, while truly perfect science deals with intellectual objects, which are beyond the sphere of the world, and with the objects still more spiritual than those which "eye saw not, and ear heard not, nor did it enter into the heart of men," till the Teacher told the account of them to us; unveiling the holy of holies; and in ascending order, things still holier than these, to those who are truly and not spuriously heirs of the Lord's adoption.

ταύτην σοφίαν τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου τὴν φιλήδονον καὶ φίλαυτον ὁ ἀπόστολος λέγει, ὡς ἂν τὰ τοῦ κόσμου τοῦδε καὶ τὰ περὶ αὐτὸν μόνον διδάσκουσαν ὑποκειμένην τε ἀκολούθως κατὰ προστασίαν τοῖς τῇδε ἄρχουσι· διὸ καὶ στοιχειωτική τίς ἐστιν ἡ μερικὴ αὕτη φιλοσοφία, τῆς τελείας ὄντως ἐπιστήμης ἐπέκεινα κόσμου περὶ τὰ νοητὰ καὶ ἔτι τούτων τὰ πνευματικώτερα ἀναστρεφομένης, ἃ ὀφθαλμὸς οὐκ εἶδεν καὶ οὖς οὐκ ἤκουσεν οὐδὲ ἐπὶ καρδίαν ἀνέβη ἀνθρώπων, πρὶν ἢ διασαφῆσαι τὸν περὶ τούτων λόγον ἡμῖν τὸν διδάσκαλον, ἅγια ἁγίων καὶ ἔτι τούτων κατ' ἐπανάβασιν τὰ ἁγιώτερα ἀποκαλύψαντος τοῖς 6.8.68.2 γνησίως καὶ μὴ νόθως τῆς κυριακῆς υἱοθεσίας κληρονόμοις.

Although some say that the wise man is persuaded that there are some things incomprehensible, in such wise as to have respecting them a kind of comprehension, inasmuch as he comprehends that things incomprehensible are incomprehensible; which is common, and pertains to those who are capable of perceiving little. For such a man affirms that there are some things incomprehensible.

καίτοι φασί τινες τὸν σοφὸν ἄνθρωπον πεπεῖσθαι εἶναί τινα ἀκατάληπτα, ὡς καὶ περὶ τούτων ἔχειν τινὰ κατάληψιν, καταλαμβάνοντος, ὅτι ἀκα6.8.70.2 τάληπτα ἔσται τὰ ἀκατάληπτα.

But that Gnostic of whom I speak, himself comprehends what seems to be incomprehensible to others; believing that nothing is incomprehensible to the Son of God, whence nothing incapable of being taught.

6.8.70.2 ὁ γνωστικὸς δὲ ἐκεῖνος, περὶ οὗ λέγω, τὰ δοκοῦντα ἀκατάληπτα εἶναι τοῖς ἄλλοις αὐτὸς καταλαμβάνει, πιστεύσας ὅτι οὐδὲν ἀκατάληπτον τῷ υἱῷ τοῦ θεοῦ, ὅθεν οὐδὲ ἀδίδακτον·

The Gnostic is such, that he is subject only to the affections that exist for the maintenance of the body, such as hunger, thirst, and the like. But in the case of the Saviour, it were ludicrous [to suppose] that the body, as a body, demanded the necessary aids in order to its duration. For He ate, not for the sake of the body, which was kept together by a holy energy, but in order that it might not enter into the minds of those who were with Him to entertain a different opinion of Him; in like manner as certainly some afterwards supposed that He appeared in a phantasmal shape.

ἔφαγεν γὰρ οὐ διὰ τὸ σῶμα, δυνάμει συνεχόμενον ἁγίᾳ, ἀλλ' ὡς μὴ τοὺς συνόντας ἄλλως περὶ αὐτοῦ φρονεῖν ὑπεισέλθοι, ὥσπερ ἀμέλει ὕστερον δοκήσει τινὲς αὐτὸν πεφανερῶσθαι ὑπέλαβον·

But He was entirely impassible (apaqhg); inaccessible to any movement of feeling -- either pleasure or pain. While the apostles, having most gnostically mastered, through the Lord's teaching, angel and fear, and lust, were not liable even to such of the movements of feeling, as seem good, courage, zeal, joy, desire, through a steady condition of mind, not changing a whit; but ever continuing unvarying in a state of training after the resurrection of the Lord.

Nor will he, therefore, eagerly desire to be assimilated to what is beautiful, possessing, as he does, beauty by love. What more need of courage and of desire to him, who has obtained the affinity to the impassible God which arises from love, and by love has enrolled himself among the friends of God?

For to have such desires, as require self-restraint in order to their control, is characteristic of one who is not yet pure, but subject to passion. Now, fortitude is assumed by reason of fear and cowardice. For it were no longer seemly that the friend of God, whom "God hath fore-ordained before the foundation of the world" to be enrolled in the highest "adoption," should fall into pleasures or fears, and be occupied in the repression of the passions. For I venture to assert, that as he is predestinated through what he shall do, and what he shall obtain, so also has he predestinated himself by reason of what he knew and whom he loved; not having the future indistinct, as the multitude live, conjecturing it, but having grasped by gnostic faith what is hidden from others.

τὸ γὰρ ἔχειν τοιαύτας ἐπιθυμίας, ὡς σωφροσύνης δεῖσθαι πρὸς τὴν τούτων ἐγκράτειαν, οὐδέπω 6.9.76.3 καθαροῦ, ἀλλ' ἐμπαθοῦς, ἀνδρεία τε διὰ φόβον καὶ δειλίαν παραλαμβάνεται. οὐ γὰρ δὴ πρέπον ἔτι τὸν φίλον τοῦ θεοῦ, ὃν προώρισεν ὁ θεὸς πρὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου εἰς τὴν ἄκραν ἐγκαταλεγῆναι υἱοθεσίαν, ἡδοναῖς ἢ φόβοις περιπίπτειν καὶ περὶ τὴν καταστολὴν 6.9.76.4 ἀπασχολεῖσθαι τῶν παθῶν. τολμήσας γὰρ φήσαιμ' ἄν·

For not only has he apprehended the first Cause, and the Cause produced by it, and is sure about them, possessing firmly firm and irrefragable and immoveable reasons; but also respecting what is good and what is evil, and respecting all production, and to speak comprehensively, respecting all about which the Lord has spoken, he has learned, from the truth itself, the most exact truth from the foundation of the world to the end. Not preferring to the truth itself what appears plausible, or, according to Hellenic reasoning, necessary; but what has been spoken by the Lord he accepts as clear and evident, though concealed from others; and he has already received the knowledge of all things.

οὐ γὰρ μόνον τὸ πρῶτον αἴτιον καὶ τὸ ὑπ' αὐτοῦ γεγεν<ν>ημένον αἴτιον κατείληφεν καὶ περὶ τούτων ἐμπέδως ἔχει, μονίμως μονίμους καὶ ἀμεταπτώτους καὶ ἀκινήτους λόγους κεκτημένος, ἀλλὰ καὶ περὶ ἀγαθῶν καὶ περὶ κακῶν περί τε γενέσεως ἁπάσης καὶ συλλήβδην εἰπεῖν, περὶ ὧν ἐλάλησεν ὁ κύριος, τὴν ἀκριβεστάτην ἐκ καταβολῆς κόσμου εἰς τέλος ἀλήθειαν παρ' αὐτῆς ἔχει τῆς ἀληθείας μαθών, οὐκ, εἴ πού τι φανείη πιθανὸν ἢ κατὰ λόγον Ἑλληνικὸν ἀναγκαστικόν, πρὸ αὐτῆς αἱρούμενος τῆς 6.9.78.6 ἀληθείας, τὰ δὲ εἰρημένα ὑπὸ κυρίου σαφῆ καὶ πρόδηλα ἔχει λαβών. κἂν τοῖς ἄλλοις ᾖ ἔτι κεκρυμμένα, ἤδη περὶ πάντων εἴληφε τὴν γνῶσιν.

And the oracles we possess give their utterances respecting what exists, as it is; and respecting what is future, as it shall be; and respecting what is past, as it was. In scientific matters, as being alone possessed of scientific knowledge, he will hold the pre-eminence, and will discourse on the discussion respecting the good, ever intent on intellectual objects, tracing out his procedure in human affairs from the archetypes above; as navigators direct the ship according to the star; prepared to hold himself in readiness for every suitable action; accustomed to despise all difficulties and dangers when it is necessary to undergo them; never doing anything precipitate or incongruous either to himself or the common weal; fore-seeing; and inflexible by pleasures both of waking hours and of dreams.

τὰ λόγια δὲ τὰ παρ' ἡμῖν θεσπίζει περί τε τῶν ὄντων ὡς ἔστι, περί τε τῶν μελλόντων ὡς ἔσται, περί τε τῶν γεγονότων ὡς 6.9.79.1 ἐγένετο. ἔν <τε> τοῖς ἐπιστημονικοῖς, μόνος ὢν ἐπιστήμων, κρατιστεύσει καὶ τὸν περὶ τἀγαθοῦ λόγον πρεσβεύσει, τοῖς νοητοῖς προσκείμενος ἀεί, ἀπ' ἐκείνων ἄνωθεν τῶν ἀρχετύπων τὴν περὶ τὰ ἀνθρώπεια αὑτοῦ διοίκησιν ἀπογραφόμενος, καθάπερ οἱ πλοϊζόμενοι καὶ πρὸς τὸ ἄστρον τὴν ναῦν κατευθύνοντες, πρὸς πᾶσαν καθήκουσαν πρᾶξιν ἑτοίμως ἔχειν παρεσκευασμένος, πάντα τὰ ὀχληρὰ καὶ δεινὰ εἰθισμένος ὑπερορᾶν, ὅταν ὑπομεῖναι δέῃ, μηδὲν προπετὲς μηδὲ ἀσύμφωνον μήτε αὑτῷ μήτε τοῖς κοινοῖς ποτε ἐπιτελῶν, προορατικὸς ὢν καὶ 6.9.79.2 ἄκαμπτος ἡδοναῖς ταῖς τε ὕπαρ ταῖς τε δι' ὀνειράτων·

Whence he shall never be shaken from his own heritage. "He shall not be afraid of evil tidings; " consequently neither of unfounded calumny, nor of the false opinion around him. No more will he dread cunning words, who is capable of distinguishing them, or of answering rightly to questions asked. Such a bulwark are dialectics, that truth cannot be trampled under foot by the Sophists. "For it behoves those who praise in the holy name of the Lord," according to the prophet, "to rejoice in heart, seeking, the Lord. Seek then Him, and be strong. Seek His face continually in every way." "For, having spoken at sundry times and in divers manners," it is not in one way only that He is known.

For the cause of all error and false opinion, is inability to distinguish in what respect things are common,

οὔτ' οὖν διαβολῆς κενῆς οὐδὲ μὴν ψευδοδοξίας τῆς περὶ αὑτόν,

τὴν πολλὴν δὲ ἀχρηστίαν παραιτητέον, ἀπασχολοῦσαν περὶ τὰ μηδὲν προσήκοντα, οἱονεὶ δὲ συναιτίοις προγυμνάσμασιν εἴς τε τὴν ἀκριβῆ παράδοσιν τῆς ἀληθείας, ὅσον ἐφικτόν, καὶ ἀπερίσπαστον συγχρωμένου τοῖς μαθήμασι τοῦ γνωστικοῦ καὶ εἰς προφυλακὴν τῶν κακοτεχνούντων λόγων 6.10.83.1 πρὸς ἐκκοπὴν τῆς ἀληθείας. οὐκ ἀπολειφθήσεται τοίνυν τῶν προκοπτόντων περὶ τὰς μαθήσεις τὰς ἐγκυκλίους καὶ τὴν Ἑλληνικὴν φιλοσοφίαν, ἀλλ' οὐ κατὰ τὸν προηγούμενον λόγον, τὸν δὲ ἀναγκαῖον καὶ δεύτερον καὶ περιστατικόν·

But we must reject superfluous music, which enervates men's souls, and leads to variety, -- now mournful, and then licentious and voluptuous, and then frenzied and frantic. The same holds also of astronomy. For treating of the description of the celestial objects, about the form of the universe, and the revolution of the heavens, and the motion of the stars, leading the soul nearer to the creative power, it teaches to quickness in perceiving the seasons of the year, the changes of the air, and the appearance of the stars

περιττὴ δὲ μουσικὴ ἀποπτυστέα ἡ κατακλῶσα τὰς ψυχὰς καὶ εἰς ποικιλίαν ἐμβάλλουσα τοτὲ μὲν θρηνώδη, τοτὲ δὲ ἀκόλαστον 6.11.90.3 καὶ ἡδυπαθῆ, τοτὲ δὲ ἐκβακχευομένην καὶ μανικήν. ὁ αὐτὸς λόγος καὶ περὶ ἀστρονομίας· αὕτη γάρ, μετὰ τὴν τῶν μεταρσίων ἱστορίαν περί τε σχήματος τοῦ παντὸς καὶ φορᾶς οὐρανοῦ τῆς τε τῶν ἄστρων κινήσεως πλησιαίτερον τῇ κτιζούσῃ δυνάμει προσάγουσα τὴν ψυχήν, εὐαισθήτως ἔχειν διδάσκει ὡρῶν ἐτείων, ἀέρων μεταβολῆς, ἐπιτολῶν ἄστρων·

The studies of philosophy, therefore, and philosophy itself, are aids in treating of the truth.

6.11.91.1 Συνεργὰ τοίνυν φιλοσοφίας τὰ μαθήματα καὶ αὐτὴ ἡ φιλοσοφία εἰς τὸ περὶ ἀληθείας διαλαβεῖν

τοῖς δὲ ὑποκρούουσι, τί γὰρ ὄφελος εἰδέναι τὰς αἰτίας τοῦ πῶς κινεῖται ὁ ἥλιος, φέρε εἰπεῖν, καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ ἄστρα ἢ τὰ γεωμετρικὰ θεωρήματα ἐπεσκέφθαι ἢ τὰ διαλεκτικὰ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἕκαστον μαθημάτων, πρὸς γὰρ καθηκόντων ἀπόδοσιν ταῦτα μηδὲν ὠφελεῖν, εἶναί τε ἀνθρωπίνην σύνεσιν τὴν Ἑλληνικὴν φιλοσοφίαν, μὴ γὰρ εἶναι διδακτὴν τῆς ἀληθείας, ἐκεῖνα λεκτέον, πρῶτον μέν, ὅτι καὶ περὶ τὰ μέγιστα τῶν ὄντων πταίουσιν οὗτοι, τουτέστι τὴν 6.11.93.2 προαίρεσιν τοῦ νοῦ.

But to those who object, What use is there in knowing the causes of the manner of the sun's motion, for example, and the rest of the heavenly bodies, or in having studied the theorems of geometry or logic, and each of the other branches of study? -- for these are of no service in the discharge of duties, and the Hellenic philosophy is human wisdom, for it is incapable of teachings the truth -- the following remarks are to be made. First, that they stumble in reference to the highest of things -- namely, the mind's free choice.

for, treating of the construction of the temple, he says expressly, "And it was Wisdom as artificer that framed it"

περὶ γὰρ νεὼς κατασκευῆς διαλαβὼν ἄντικρύς φησιν· τεχνῖτις δὲ σοφία κατεσκεύασεν·

Wherefore the Gnostic circumscribes his desires in reference both to possession and to enjoyment, not exceeding the limit of necessity. Therefore, regarding life in this world as necessary for the increase of science (episthmh) and the acquisition of knowledge (gnpsid), he will value highest, not living, but living well. He will therefore prefer neither children, nor marriage, nor parents, to love for God, and righteousness in life.

διόπερ τὰς ἐπιθυμίας ὁ γνωστικὸς περιγράφει κατά τε τὴν κτῆσιν κατά τε τὴν χρῆσιν, οὐχ ὑπερβαίνων τὸν τῶν 6.12.100.2 ἀναγκαίων ὅρον. τὸ ζῆν ἄρα τὸ ἐνταῦθα ἀναγκαῖον ἡγούμενος εἰς ἐπιστήμης συναύξησιν καὶ τὴν περιποίησιν τῆς γνώσεως, οὐ τὸ ζῆν, ἀλλὰ τὸ εὖ ζῆν περὶ πλείστου ποιήσεται, μήτ' οὖν παῖδας μήτ' αὖ γάμον ἢ τοὺς γονεῖς τῆς πρὸς τὸν θεὸν ἀγάπης καὶ τῆς ἐν βίῳ 6.12.100.3 δικαιοσύνης προτιμῶν.

For instance, Solomon, calling the Gnostic, wise, speaks thus of those who admire the dignity of his mansion: "For they shall see the end of the wise, and to what a degree the Lord has established him." And of his glory they will say, "This was he whom we once held up to derision, and made a byword of reproach; fools that we were! We thought his life madness, and his end dishonourable. How is he reckoned among the sons of God, and his inheritance among the saints?"

6.14.110.1 Αὐτίκα ὁ Σολομὼν σοφὸν καλῶν τὸν γνωστικὸν περὶ τῶν θαυμαζόντων αὐτοῦ τὸ ἀξίωμα τῆς μονῆς τάδε φησίν· ὄψονται γὰρ τελευτὴν σοφοῦ καὶ οὐ νοήσουσι, τί ἐβουλεύσατο περὶ αὐτοῦ καὶ εἰς 6.14.110.2 τί ἠσφαλίσατο αὐτὸν ὁ κύριος·

For instance, Solomon, calling the Gnostic, wise, speaks thus of those who admire the dignity of his mansion: "For they shall see the end of the wise, and to what a degree the Lord has established him."

ὄψονται γὰρ τελευτὴν σοφοῦ καὶ οὐ νοήσουσι, τί ἐβουλεύσατο περὶ αὐτοῦ καὶ εἰς 6.14.110.2 τί ἠσφαλίσατο αὐτὸν ὁ κύριος·

But they, also in the instance of this commandment, having become devoid of sense, and addicting themselves to graven images, are judged unless they repent; some of them because, though able, they would not believe God; and others because, though willing, they did not take the necessary pains to become believers.

οἱ δὲ κἀν ταύτῃ γενόμενοι τῇ ἐντολῇ ἀγνώμονες, γλυπτοῖς προσεσχηκότες ἀγάλμασι, ἂν μὴ μετανοήσωσι, κρίνονται, οἳ μέν, ὅτι δυνηθέντες οὐκ ἠθέλησαν πιστεῦσαι τῷ θεῷ, οἳ δέ, ὅτι καὶ θελήσαντες οὐκ ἐξεπόνησαν περι6.14.111.1 γενέσθαι πιστοί·

But such a good conscience preserves sanctity towards God and justice towards men; keeping the soul pure with grave thoughts, and pure. words, and just deeds. By thus receiving the Lord's power, the soul studies to be God; regarding nothing bad but ignorance, and action contrary to fight reason. And giving thanks always for all things to God, by righteous heating and divine reading, by true investigation, by holy oblation, by blessed prayer; lauding, hymning, blessing, praising, such a soul is never at any time separated from God. Rightly then is it said, "And they who trust in Him shall underStand the truth, and those faithful in love shall abide by Him." You see what statements Wisdom makes about the Gnostics. 6.14.114.1 περὶ τῶν γνωστικῶν διαλέγεται ἡ σοφία. Conformably, therefore, there are various abodes, according to the worth of those who have believed. To the point Solomon says, "For there shall be given to him the choice grace of faith, and a more pleasant lot in the temple of the Lord."

After the rudiments of the world, and not after Christ," makes the asseveration that the Hellenic teaching is elementary, and that of Christ perfect, as we have already intimated before.

Now, discoursing on knowledge, Solomon speaks thus: "For wisdom is resplendent and fadeless, and is easily beheld by those who love her. She is beforehand in making herself known to those who desire her. He that rises early for her shall not toil wearily. For to think about her is the perfection of good sense. And he that keeps vigils for her shall quickly be relieved of anxiety. For she goes about, herself seeking those worthy of her (for knowledge belongs not to all); and in all ways she benignly shows herself to them."

καὶ γὰρ τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα ταύτῃ πως μεταφυτεύεται διανενεμημένον κατὰ τὴν ἑκάστου περιγραφὴν ἀπεριγράφως. 6.15.120.3 περὶ δὲ τῆς γνώσεως ὁ Σολομὼν διαλεγόμενος τάδε φησί· τὸ γὰρ ἐνθυμηθῆναι περὶ αὐτῆς φρονήσεως τελειότης, καὶ ὁ ἀγρυπνήσας δι' αὐτὴν ταχέως ἀμέριμνος ἔσται·

6.15.122.1 Τῆς τοίνυν περὶ θεοῦ ζητήσεως εὕρεσις μὲν ἡ διὰ τοῦ υἱοῦ διδασκαλία, σημεῖον δὲ τοῦ εἶναι τὸν σωτῆρα ἡμῶν αὐτὸν ἐκεῖνον τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ θεοῦ αἵ τε προηγούμεναι τῆς παρουσίας αὐτοῦ προφητεῖαι, τοῦτον κηρύσσουσαι, αἵ τε συνυπάρξασαι τῇ γενέσει αὐτοῦ τῇ αἰσθητῇ περὶ αὐτοῦ μαρτυρίαι, πρὸς δὲ καὶ <αἱ> μετὰ τὴν ἀνάληψιν 6.15.122.2 κηρυσσόμεναί τε καὶ ἐμφανῶς δεικνύμεναι δυνάμεις αὐτοῦ. τεκμήριον ἄρα τοῦ παρ' ἡμῖν εἶναι τὴν ἀλήθειαν τὸ αὐτὸν διδάξαι τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ θεοῦ· εἰ γὰρ περὶ πᾶν ζήτημα καθολικὰ ταῦτα εὑρίσκεται πρόσωπόν τε καὶ πρᾶγμα, ἡ ὄντως ἀλήθεια παρ' ἡμῖν δείκνυται μόνοις, ἐπεὶ πρόσωπον μὲν τῆς δεικνυμένης ἀληθείας ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ, τὸ πρᾶγμα δὲ ἡ δύναμις τῆς πίστεως ἡ καὶ παντὸς οὑτινοσοῦν ἐναντιουμένου καὶ αὐτοῦ ὅλου ἐνισταμένου τοῦ κόσμου πλεονά6.15.122.3 ζουσα.

The liars, then, in reality are not those who for the sake of the scheme of salvation conform, nor those who err in minute points, but those who are wrong in essentials, and reject the Lord and as far as in them lies deprive the Lord of the true teaching; who do not quote or deliver the Scriptures in a manner worthy of God and of the Lord; for the deposit rendered to God, according to the teaching of the Lord by His apostles, is the understanding and the practice of the godly tradition.

ψεῦσται τοίνυν τῷ ὄντι οὐχ οἱ συμπεριφερόμενοι δι' οἰκονομίαν σωτηρίας οὐδ' οἱ περί τινα τῶν ἐν μέρει σφαλλόμενοι, ἀλλ' οἱ εἰς τὰ κυριώτατα παραπίπτοντες καὶ ἀθετοῦντες μὲν τὸν κύριον τὸ ὅσον ἐπ' αὐτοῖς, ἀποστεροῦντες δὲ τοῦ κυρίου τὴν ἀληθῆ διδασκαλίαν, οἱ μὴ κατ' ἀξίαν τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ τοῦ κυρίου τὰς γραφὰς λα6.15.124.4 λοῦντές τε καὶ παραδιδόντες· παραθήκη γὰρ ἀποδιδομένη θεῷ ἡ κατὰ τὴν τοῦ κυρίου διδασκαλίαν διὰ τῶν ἀποστόλων αὐτοῦ τῆς 6.15.124.5 θεοσεβοῦς παραδόσεως σύνεσίς τε καὶ συνάσκησις·

"And what ye hear in the ear " -- that is, in a hidden manner, and in a mystery (for such things are figuratively said to be spoken in the ear) -- "proclaim," He says, "on the housetops," understanding them sublimely, and delivering them in a lofty strain, and according to the canon of the truth explaining the Scriptures; for neither prophecy nor the Saviour Himself announced the divine mysteries simply so as to be easily apprehended by all and sundry, but express them in parables. The apostles accordingly say of the Lord, that "He spake all things in parables, and without a parable spake He nothing unto them;" and if "all things were made by Him, and without Him was not anything made that was made," consequently also prophecy and the law were by Him, and were spoken by Him in parables.

ὃ δὲ ἀκούετε εἰς τὸ οὖς (ἐπικεκρυμμένως δηλονότι καὶ ἐν μυστηρίῳ, τὰ τοιαῦτα γὰρ εἰς τὸ οὖς λέγεσθαι ἀλληγορεῖται), ἐπὶ τῶν δωμάτων, φησί, κηρύξατε, μεγαλοφρόνως τε ἐκδεξάμενοι καὶ ὑψηγόρως παραδιδόντες 6.15.124.6 καὶ κατὰ τὸν τῆς ἀληθείας κανόνα διασαφοῦντες τὰς γραφάς· οὔτε γὰρ ἡ προφητεία οὔτε ὁ σωτὴρ αὐτὸς ἁπλῶς οὕτως, ὡς τοῖς ἐπιτυχοῦσιν εὐάλωτα εἶναι, τὰ θεῖα μυστήρια ἀπεφθέγξατο, ἀλλ' ἐν 6.15.125.1 παραβολαῖς διελέξατο. λέγουσιν γοῦν οἱ ἀπόστολοι περὶ τοῦ κυρίου, ὅτι πάντα ἐν παραβολαῖς ἐλάλησεν καὶ οὐδὲν ἄνευ παραβολῆς ἐλάλει 6.15.125.2 αὐτοῖς.

Wherefore also He employed metaphorical description; for such is the parable, -- a narration based on some subject which is not the principal subject, but similar to the principal subject, and leading him who understands to what is the true and principal thing; or, as some say, a mode of speech presenting with vigour, by means of other circumstances, what is the principal subject. And now also the whole economy which prophesied of the Lord appears indeed a parable to those who know not the truth, when one speaks and the rest hear that the Son of God -- of Him who made the universe -- assumed flesh, and was conceived in the virgin's womb (as His material body was produced), and subsequently, as was the case, suffered and rose again, being "to the Jews a stumbling-block, and to the Greeks foolishness," as the apostle says.

διὸ καὶ μεταφορικῇ κέχρηται τῇ γραφῇ· τοιοῦτον γὰρ ἡ παραβολή, λόγος ἀπό τινος οὐ κυρίου μέν, ἐμφεροῦς δὲ τῷ κυρίῳ ἐπὶ τἀληθὲς καὶ κύριον ἄγων τὸν συνιέντα, ἤ, ὥς τινές φασι, λέξις 6.15.127.1 δι' ἑτέρων τὰ κυρίως λεγόμενα μετ' ἐνεργείας παριστάνουσα. ἤδη δὲ καὶ ἡ οἰκονομία πᾶσα ἡ περὶ τὸν κύριον προφητευθεῖσα παραβολὴ ὡς ἀληθῶς φαίνεται τοῖς μὴ τὴν ἀλήθειαν ἐγνωκόσιν, ὅταν τις τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ τὰ πάντα πεποιηκότος σάρκα ἀνειληφότα καὶ ἐν μήτρᾳ παρθένου κυοφορηθέντα, καθὸ γεγέννηται τὸ αἰσθητὸν αὐτοῦ σαρκίον, ἀκολούθως δέ, καθὸ γέγονεν τοῦτο, πεπονθότα καὶ ἀνεσταμένον ὃ μὲν λέγῃ, οἳ δὲ ἀκούωσιν, Ἰουδαίοις μὲν σκάνδαλον, Ἕλλησι 6.15.127.2 δὲ μωρίαν, ὥς φησιν ὁ ἀπόστολος.

Now all the prophets who foretold the Lord's coming, and the holy mysteries accompanying it, were persecuted and killed. As also the Lord Himself, in explaining the Scriptures to them, and His disciples who preached the word like Him, and subsequently to His life, used parables. Whence also Peter, in his Preaching, speaking of the apostles, says:

αὐτίκα οἱ προφῆται πάντες οἱ προθεσπίσαντες τὴν παρουσίαν τοῦ κυρίου καὶ σὺν αὐτῇ τὰ ἅγια μυστήρια ἐδιώχθησαν, ἐφονεύθησαν, καθάπερ καὶ αὐτὸς ὁ κύριος διασαφήσας αὐτῶν τὰς γραφὰς καὶ οἱ τούτου γνώριμοι οἱ κηρύξαντες 6.15.128.1 τὸν λόγον ὡσαύτως μετ' αὐτὸν τὸ ζῆν παρεβάλοντο. ὅθεν καὶ ὁ Πέτρος ἐν τῷ Κηρύγματι περὶ τῶν ἀποστόλων λέγων φησίν·

But prophecy does not employ figurative forms in the expressions for the sake of beauty of diction. But from the fact that truth appertains not to all, it is veiled in manifold ways, causing the light to arise only on those who are initiated into knowledge, who seek the truth through love. The proverb, according to the Barbarian philosophy, is called a mode of prophecy, and the parable is so called, and the enigma in addition.

ἡ προφητεία δὲ οὐδ' ὅλως τοὺς περὶ τὰς λέξεις σχηματισμοὺς ἐπιτηδεύει διὰ τὸ κάλλος τῆς φράσεως, τῷ δὲ μὴ πάντων εἶναι τὴν ἀλήθειαν ἐπικρύπτεται πολυτρόπως, μόνοις τοῖς εἰς γνῶσιν μεμυημένοις, τοῖς δι' ἀγάπην ζητοῦσι τὴν ἀλήθειαν, 6.15.130.1 τὸ φῶς ἀνατέλλουσα.

Rightly, therefore, Jesus the son of Nave saw Moses, when taken up [to heaven], double, -- one Moses with the angels, and one on the mountains, honoured with burial in their ravines. And Jesus saw this spectacle below, being elevated by the Spirit, along also with Caleb.

6.15.132.2 εἰκότως ἄρα καὶ τὸν Μωυσέα ἀναλαμβανόμενον διττὸν εἶδεν Ἰησοῦς ὁ τοῦ Ναυῆ, καὶ τὸν μὲν μετ' ἀγγέλων, 6.15.132.3 τὸν δὲ ἐπὶ τὰ ὄρη περὶ τὰς φάραγγας κηδείας ἀξιούμενον.

And there is a ten in man himself: the five senses, and the power of speech, and that of reproduction; and the eighth is the spiritual principle communicated at his creation; and the ninth the ruling faculty of the soul; and tenth, there is the distinctive characteristic of the Holy Spirit, which comes to him through faith.

6.16.134.2 ἔστι δὲ καὶ δεκάς τις περὶ τὸν ἄνθρωπον αὐτόν, τά τε αἰσθητήρια πέντε καὶ τὸ φωνητικὸν καὶ τὸ σπερματικὸν καὶ τοῦτο δὴ ὄγδοον τὸ κατὰ τὴν πλάσιν πνευματικόν, ἔνατον δὲ τὸ ἡγεμονικὸν τῆς ψυχῆς καὶ δέκατον τὸ διὰ τῆς πίστεως προσγινό6.16.134.3 μενον ἁγίου πνεύματος χαρακτηριστικὸν ἰδίωμα.

But the power of choice, in which investigation, and study, and knowledge, reside, belongs to the ruling faculty. But all the faculties are placed in relation to one -- the ruling faculty: it is through that man lives, and lives in a certain way.

6.16.135.4 τὴν προαιρετικὴν δὲ τὸ ἡγεμονικὸν ἔχει δύναμιν, περὶ ἣν ἡ ζήτησις καὶ ἡ μάθησις καὶ ἡ γνῶσις. ἀλλὰ γὰρ ἡ πάντων ἀναφορὰ εἰς ἓν συντέτακται τὸ ἡγε6.16.136.1 μονικὸν καὶ δι' ἐκεῖνο ζῇ τε ὁ ἄνθρωπος καί πως ζῇ.

as Polybus the physician relates in his book On the Eighth Month, and Aristotle the philosopher in his book On Nature.

6.16.139.1 ὡς ἱστορεῖ Πόλυβος μὲν ὁ ἰατρὸς ἐν τῷ Περὶ ὀκταμήνων, Ἀριστοτέλης δὲ ὁ φιλόσοφος ἐν τῷ Περὶ φύσεως·

Marriage, from its being the middle of the even numbers, that is, of ten and two. For it is manifestly at an equal distance from both. And as marriage generates from male and female, so six is generated from the odd number three, which is called the masculine number, and the even number two, which is considered the feminine. For twice three are six. And they called eight a cube, counting the fixed sphere along with the seven revolving ones, by which is produced "the great year," as a kind of period of recompense of what has been promised. Thus the Lord, who ascended the mountain, the fourth, becomes the sixth, and is illuminated all round with spiritual light, by laying bare the power proceeding from Him, as far as those selected to see were able to behold it, by the Seventh, the Voice, proclaimed to be the Son of God; in order that they, persuaded respecting Him, might have rest; while He by His birth, which was indicated by the sixth conspicuously marked, becoming the eighth, might appear to be God in a body of flesh, by displaying His power, being numbered indeed as a man, but being concealed as to who He was. For six is reckoned in the order of numbers, but the succession of the letters acknowledges the character which is not written. In this case, in the numbers themselves, each unit is preserved in its order up to seven and eight. But in the number of the characters, Zeta becomes six and Eta seven.

τήν τε ὀγδοάδα κύβον καλοῦσι, μετὰ τῶν ἑπτὰ πλανωμένων τὴν ἀπλανῆ συγκαταριθμοῦντες σφαῖραν, δι' ὧν ὁ μέγας ἐνιαυτὸς γίνεται οἷον περίοδός 6.16.140.3 τις τῆς τῶν ἐπηγγελμένων ἀνταποδόσεως. ταύτῃ τοι ὁ κύριος τέταρτος ἀναβὰς εἰς τὸ ὄρος ἕκτος γίνεται καὶ φωτὶ περιλάμπεται πνευματικῷ, τὴν δύναμιν τὴν ἀπ' αὐτοῦ παραγυμνώσας εἰς ὅσον οἷόν τε ἦν ἰδεῖν τοῖς ὁρᾶν ἐκλεγεῖσι, δι' ἑβδόμης ἀνακηρυσσόμενος τῆς φωνῆς υἱὸς εἶναι θεοῦ, ἵνα δὴ οἳ μὲν ἀναπαύσωνται πεισθέντες περὶ αὐτοῦ, ὃ δέ, διὰ γενέσεως, ἣν ἐδήλωσεν ἡ ἑξάς, ἐπίσημος, ὀγδοὰς ὑπάρχων φανῇ, θεὸς ἐν σαρκίῳ τὴν δύναμιν ἐνδεικνύμενος, ἀριθμού6.16.140.4 μενος μὲν ὡς ἄνθρωπος, κρυπτόμενος δὲ ὃς ἦν·

And now the whole world of creatures born alive, and things that grow, revolves in sevens. The first-born princes of the angels, who have the greatest power, are seven. The mathematicians also say that the planets, which perform their course around the earth, are seven; by which the Chaldeans think that all which concerns mortal life is effected through sympathy, in consequence of which they also undertake to tell things respecting the future.

Ἤδη δὲ καὶ ἐν ἑβδομάσι πᾶς ὁ κόσμος κυκλεῖται τῶν ζωογονουμένων 6.16.143.1 καὶ τῶν φυομένων ἁπάντων. ἑπτὰ μέν εἰσιν οἱ τὴν μεγίστην δύναμιν ἔχοντες πρωτόγονοι ἀγγέλων ἄρχοντες, ἑπτὰ δὲ καὶ οἱ ἀπὸ τῶν μαθημάτων τοὺς πλανήτας εἶναί φασιν ἀστέρας τὴν περίγειον διοίκησιν ἐπιτελοῦντας, ὑφ' ὧν κατὰ συμπάθειαν οἱ Χαλδαῖοι πάντα γίνεσθαι νομίζουσι τὰ περὶ τὸν θνητὸν βίον, παρ' ὃ καὶ περὶ τῶν μελλόντων λέγειν τινὰ ὑπισχνοῦνται, τῶν δὲ ἀπλανῶν ἑπτὰ μὲν αἱ πλειάδες, ἑπτάστεροι δὲ αἱ ἄρκτοι, καθ' ἃς αἱ γεωργίαι καὶ ναυτιλίαι συμπεραιοῦνται, ἡ σε6.16.143.2 λήνη τε δι' ἑπτὰ ἡμερῶν λαμβάνει τοὺς μετασχηματισμούς.

The organs of the senses situated on our face are also seven -- two eyes, two passages of hearing, two nostrils, and the seventh the mouth.

6.16.144.2 ἑπτὰ καὶ περὶ τῷ προσώπῳ τῷ ἡμετέρῳ ἐπίκειται τῶν αἰσθητηρίων τὰ ὄργανα, δύο μὲν τὰ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν, δύο δὲ τὰ τῶν ἀκουστικῶν πόρων, δύο δὲ τὰ τῶν μυκτήρων, ἕβδομον δὲ τὸ 6.16.144.3 τοῦ στόματος.

And in the fourth septenniad, at his best In strength, of manliness he shows the signs; And in the fifth, of marriage, now mature, And of posterity, the man bethinks; Nor does he yet desire vain works to see. (seems to be a very loose translation; no mention of the "sixth" at all).

6.16.144.5 τῇ δὲ τετάρτῃ πᾶς τις ἐν ἑβδομάδι μέγ' ἄριστος ἰσχύν, ἥν τ' ἄνδρες σήματ' ἔχουσ' ἀρετῆς· πέμπτῃ δ' ὥριον ἄνδρα γάμου μεμνημένον εἶναι καὶ παίδων ζητεῖν εἰσοπίσω γενεήν· τῇ δ' ἕκτῃ περὶ πάντα καταρτύεται νόος ἀνδρός, οὐδ' ἕρδειν ἔθ' ὁμῶς ἔργα μάταια θέλει· 6.16.144.6

And a myriad such instances are adduced by Hermippus of Berytus, in his book On the Number Seven, regarding it as holy. And the blessed David delivers clearly to those who know the mystic account of seven and eight, praising thus:

6.16.145.3 τιος ἐν τῷ Περὶ ἑβδομάδος. σαφῶς δὲ τὸν περὶ ἑβδομάδος τε καὶ ὀγδοάδος μυστικὸν λόγον τοῖς γιγνώσκουσι παραδίδωσιν ὁ μακάριος ∆αβὶδ ὧδέ πως ψάλλων·

Now the fifth in order is the command on the honour of father and mother.

6.16.146.1 Ὁ δὲ πέμπτος ἑξῆς ἐστι λόγος περὶ τιμῆς πατρὸς καὶ μητρός.

This is followed by the command respecting adultery. Now it is adultery, if one, abandoning the ecclesiastical and true knowledge, and the persuasion respecting God, accedes to false and incongruous opinion, either by deifying any created object, or by making an idol of anything that exists not, so as to overstep, or rather step from, knowledge.

6.16.146.3 Ἕπεται τούτῳ ὁ περὶ μοιχείας λόγος. μοιχεία δ' ἐστίν, ἐάν τις καταλιπὼν τὴν ἐκκλησιαστικὴν καὶ ἀληθῆ γνῶσιν καὶ τὴν περὶ θεοῦ διάληψιν ἐπὶ τὴν μὴ προσήκουσαν ἔρχηται ψευδῆ δόξαν, ἤτοι θεοποιῶν τι τῶν γενητῶν ἢ καὶ ἀνειδωλοποιῶν τι τῶν μὴ ὄντων εἰς ὑπέρβασιν, μᾶλλον δὲ ἔκβασιν γνώσεως.

Then follows the command about murder. Now murder is a sure destruction. He, then, that wishes to extirpate the true doctrine of God and of immortality, in order to introduce. falsehood, alleging either that the universe is not under Providence, or that the world is uncrested, or affirming anything against true doctrine, is most pernicious.

6.16.147.2 Ἔπειτα ὁ περὶ φόνου λόγος ἐπακολουθεῖ. φόνος δὲ ἔξαρσίς ἐστι βιαία. τὸν οὖν ἀληθῆ λόγον περὶ θεοῦ καὶ τῆς ἀιδιότητος αὐτοῦ ὁ βουλόμενος ἐξαίρειν, ἵνα τὸ ψεῦδος ἐγκρίνῃ, λέγων ἤτοι ἀπρονόητον εἶναι τὸ πᾶν ἢ τὸν κόσμον ἀγένητον ἢ τῶν κατὰ τὴν ἀληθῆ διδασκαλίαν βεβαίων ** ἐξωλέστατος.

And after this is the command respecting theft.

6.16.147.3 Μετὰ δὲ τοῦτον ὁ περὶ κλοπῆς ἐστι λόγος.

And the tenth is the command respecting all lusts.

6.16.148.4 ∆έκατος δέ ἐστιν ὁ περὶ ἐπιθυμιῶν ἁπασῶν λόγος.

For as art changes the light of the sun into fire by passing it through a glass vessel full of water, so also philosophy, catching a spark from the divine Scripture, is visible in a few. Also, as all animals breathe the same air, some in one way, others in another, and to a different purpose; so also a considerable number of people occupy themselves with the truth, or rather with discourse concerning the truth. For they do not say aught respecting God, but expound Him by attributing their own affections to God. For they spend life in seeking the probable, not the true. But truth is not taught by imitation, but by instruction. For it is not that we may seem good that we believe in Christ, as it is not alone for the purpose of being seen, while in the sun, that we pass into the sun. But in the one case for the purpose of being warmed; and in the other, we are compelled to be Christians in order to be excellent and good. For the kingdom belongs pre-eminently to the violent, who, from investigation, and study, and discipline, reap this fruit, that they become kings.

ναὶ μὴν ὡς τὸν αὐτὸν ἀέρα ἀναπνεῖ τὰ ζῷα ἅπαντα, ἄλλα δὲ ἄλλως καὶ εἴς τι διάφορον, οὕτως δὲ καὶ τὴν ἀλήθειαν μετίασιν οἱ πλείους, μᾶλ6.17.149.4 λον δὲ τὸν περὶ ἀληθείας λόγον. οὐ γὰρ περὶ θεοῦ τι λέγουσιν. ἀλλὰ τὰ ἑαυτῶν πάθη ἐπὶ θεὸν ἀνάγοντες ἐξηγοῦνται. γέγονεν γὰρ αὐτοῖς ὁ βίος τὸ πιθανὸν ζητοῦσιν, οὐ τὸ ἀληθές· ἐκ μιμήσεως δὲ 6.17.149.5 ἀλήθεια οὐ διδάσκεται, ἀλλ' ἐκ μαθήσεως. οὐ γὰρ ἵνα δόξωμεν εἶναι <χρηστοί, εἰς> Χριστὸν πιστεύομεν, καθάπερ οὐδὲ εἰς τὸν ἥλιον ἕνεκά γε τοῦ φαίνεσθαι μόνον ἐν ἡλίῳ ὄντας παρερχόμεθα, ἀλλ' ἐνταῦθα μὲν τοῦ ἀλεαίνεσθαι χάριν, ἐκεῖ δὲ τοῦ εἶναι καλοὶ καὶ ἀγαθοὶ ἕνεκα Χριστιανοὶ εἶναι βιαζόμεθα, ὅτι μάλιστα βιαστῶν ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία, ἐκ ζητήσεως καὶ μαθήσεως καὶ συνασκήσεως τελείας τὸ 6.17.150.1 γενέσθαι βασιλέα καρπουμένων.

It is not then the partial truths, of which truth is predicated, but the truth itself, that we are to investigate, not seeking to learn names. For what is to be investigated respecting God is not one thing, but ten thousand. There is a difference between declaring God, and declaring things about God. And to speak generally, in everything the accidents are to be distinguished from the essence.

οὔκουν ποτὲ τὰς ἐπὶ μέρους ἀληθείας, καθ' ὧν ἡ ἀλήθεια κατηγορεῖται, αὐτὴν δὲ τὴν 6.17.150.7 ἀλήθειαν πολυπραγμονητέον, οὐκ ὀνόματα ζητοῦντας μαθεῖν· τὸ γὰρ περὶ θεοῦ πρᾶγμα οὐκ ἔστιν ἕν, ἀλλὰ μυρία, διαφέρει δὲ τὸν θεὸν ζητεῖν ἢ τὰ περὶ θεοῦ. καθόλου δὲ εἰπεῖν περὶ ἑκάστου πράγματος τῆς οὐσίας τὰ συμβεβηκότα διακριτέον.

I think Book Seven was called "On God" and it started at the end of Book Six (note the reference to Books Six and Seven at the beginning of Six


Suffice it for me to say, that the Lord of all is God; and I say the Lord of all absolutely, nothing being left by way of exception.

Since, then, the forms of truth are two- the names and the things -- some discourse of names, occupying themselves with the beauties of words: such are the philosophers among the Greeks. But we who are Barbarians have the things. Now it was not in vain that the Lord chose to make use of a mean form of body; so that no one praising the grace and admiring the beauty might turn his back on what was said, and attending to what ought to be abandoned, might be cut off from what is intellectual. We must therefore occupy ourselves not with the expression, but the meaning.

6.17.151.1 Καί μοι ἀπόχρη φάναι θεὸν εἶναι τὸν κύριον πάντων. αὐτοτελῶς δὲ λέγω τὸν κύριον πάντων, οὐδενὸς ὑπολειπομένου κατὰ ἐξαί6.17.151.2 ρεσιν. ἐπεὶ τοίνυν δύο εἰσὶν ἰδέαι τῆς ἀληθείας, τά τε ὀνόματα καὶ τὰ πράγματα, οἳ μὲν τὰ ὀνόματα λέγουσιν, οἱ περὶ τὰ κάλλη τῶν λόγων διατρίβοντες, οἱ παρ' Ἕλλησι φιλόσοφοι, τὰ πράγματα δὲ 6.17.151.3 παρ' ἡμῖν ἐστι τοῖς βαρβάροις.αὐτίκα ὁ κύριος οὐ μάτην ἠθέλησεν εὐτελεῖ χρήσασθαι σώματος μορφῇ, ἵνα μή τις τὸ ὡραῖον ἐπαινῶν καὶ τὸ κάλλος θαυμάζων ἀφιστῆται τῶν λεγομένων καὶ τοῖς κατα6.17.151.4 λειπομένοις προσανέχων ἀποτέμνηται τῶν νοητῶν. οὐ τοίνυν περὶ τὴν λέξιν, ἀλλὰ περὶ τὰ σημαινόμενα ἀναστρεπτέον.

Logical discussion, then, of intellectual subjects, with selection and assent, is called Dialectics; which establishes, by demonstration, allegations respecting truth, and demolishes the doubts brought forward.

6.17.156.1 ἡ γοῦν περὶ τῶν νοηθέντων λογικὴ διέξοδος μετὰ αἱρέσεως καὶ συγκαταθέσεως διαλεκτικὴ λέγεται, βεβαιωτικὴ μὲν τῶν περὶ ἀληθείας λεγομένων δι' 6.17.156.3 ἀποδείξεως, διακρουστικὴ δὲ τῶν ἐπιφερομένων ἀποριῶν.

For real science (episthmh, which we affirm the Gnostic alone possesses) is a sure comprehension (katalhyis), leading up through true and sure reasons to the knowledge (gnpsis) of the cause. And he, who is acquainted with what is true respecting any one subject, becomes of course acquainted with what is false respecting it.

ἡ γὰρ τῷ ὄντι ἐπιστήμη, ἥν φαμεν μόνον ἔχειν τὸν γνωστικόν, κατάληψίς ἐστι βεβαία διὰ λόγων ἀληθῶν καὶ βεβαίων ἐπὶ τὴν τῆς
αἰτίας γνῶσιν ἀνάγουσα, ὁ δὲ ἐπιστήμων τοῦ ἀληθοῦς περὶ ὁδηποτοῦν αὐ6.18.162.5 τίκα καὶ τοῦ ψευδοῦς περὶ τὸ αὐτὸ ἐπιστήμων ὑπάρχει.

For intensification of the righteousness which is according to the law shows the Gnostic. So one who is placed in the head, which is that which rules its own body -- and who advances to the summit of faith, which is the knowledge (gnosis) itself, for which all the organs of perception exist -- will likewise obtain the highest inheritance.

ἡ ἐπίτασις γὰρ τῆς κατὰ τὸν νόμον δικαιο6.18.164.3 σύνης τὸν γνωστικὸν δείκνυσιν. οὕτως τις κατὰ τὸ ἡγεμονοῦν τοῦ οἰκείου σώματος, τὴν
κεφαλήν, ταγείς, ἐπὶ τὴν ἀκρότητα τῆς πίστεως χωρήσας, τὴν γνῶσιν αὐτήν, περὶ ἣν πάντα ἐστὶ τὰ αἰοθη6.18.164.4 τήρια, ἀκροτάτης ὁμοίως τεύξεται τῆς κληρονομίας.

But let those who vaunt on account of having apprehended the truth tell us from whom they boast of having heard it. They will not say from God, but will admit that it was from men. And if so, it is either from themselves that they have learned it lately, as some of them arrogantly boast, or from others like them. But human teachers, of God speaking, are not reliable, as men. For he that is man cannot speak worthily of the truth concerning God: the feeble and mortal [cannot speak worthily] of the Unoriginated and Incorruptible -- the work, of the Workman. Then he who is incapable of speaking what is true respecting himself, is he not much less reliable in what concerns God? For just as far as man is inferior to God in power, so much feebler is man's speech than Him; although he do not declare God, but only speak about God and the divine word.

6.18.165.5 παρ' ἑτέρων τῶν ὁμοίων. ἀλλ' οὐκ ἐχέγγυοι διδάσκαλοι περὶ θεοῦ λέγοντες ἄνθρωποι, καθὸ ἄνθρωποι· οὐ γὰρ ἀξιόχρεως γε ἄνθρωπός γε ὢν καὶ περὶ θεοῦ τἀληθῆ λέγειν, ὁ ἀσθενὴς καὶ ἐπίκηρος περὶ τοῦ ἀγεννήτου καὶ ἀφθάρτου καὶ τὸ ἔργον περὶ τοῦ πεποιη6.18.166.1 κότος. εἶθ' ὁ μὴ περὶ αὑτοῦ τἀληθῆ λέγειν δυνάμενος ἆρ' οὐ πλέον οὐδὲ τὰ περὶ θεοῦ πιστευτέος; ὅσον γὰρ δυνάμει θεοῦ λείπεται ἄνθρωπος, τοσοῦτον καὶ ὁ λόγος αὐτοῦ ἐξασθενεῖ, κἂν μὴ θεόν, 6.18.166.2 ἀλλὰ περὶ θεοῦ λέγῃ καὶ τοῦ θείου λόγου.

· ἣ δὲ καὶ μᾶλλον ἀνθεῖ· οὐ γὰρ ὡς ἀνθρωπίνη ἀποθνῄσκει διδασκαλία οὐδ' ὡς ἀσθενὴς μαραίνεται δωρεά (οὐδεμία γὰρ ἀσθενὴς δωρεὰ θεοῦ), μένει δὲ ἀκώλυτος, διωχθήσεσθαι 6.18.168.1 εἰς τέλος προφητευθεῖσα. εἶτα περὶ μὲν ποιητικῆς Πλάτων (Thus Plato writes of poetry) κοῦφον γάρ τι χρῆμα καὶ ἱερὸν ποιητὴς γράφει καὶ οὐχ οἷός τε ποιεῖν, 6.18.168.2 πρὶν ἂν ἔνθεός τε καὶ ἔκφρων γένηται.

Having then moulded, as it were, a statue of the Gnostic, we have now shown who he is; indicating in outline, as it were, both the greatness and beauty of his character. What he is as to the study of physical phenomena shall be shown afterwards, when we begin to treat of the creation of the world.

6.18.168.4 Καθάπερ οὖν ἀνδριάντα ἀποπλασάμενοι τοῦ γνωστικοῦ, ἤδη μὲν ἐπεδείξαμεν, οἷός ἐστι, μέγεθός τε καὶ κάλλος ἤθους αὐτοῦ ὡς ἐν ὑπογραφῇ δηλώσαντες· ὁποῖος γὰρ κατὰ τὴν θεωρίαν ἐν τοῖς φυσικοῖς, μετὰ ταῦτα δηλωθήσεται, ἐπὰν περὶ γενέσεως κόσμου διαλαμβάνειν ἀρξώμεθα.

[mbuckley3]

In previous posts on Ep.366, I have dealt with possible anachronisms in the letter's ideas, arguing that they are consonant with Clementine authorship, and that the fact that some of Clement's ideas were taken up in the late C4/C5 does not entail that the letter was written at this later date. If I were arguing the opposite case, as, for example, Andrew does, suggesting that the letter was composed by Evagrius of Pontus or one of his followers, I would be troubled by what we might term a reverse anachronism, a verbal peculiarity which militates against the later dating.

Ep.366 : και Θεω μισγεσθαι ποιει/'and it causes us to be mixed with God'.

'Mixing' as a term for spiritual union, or the link between flesh and spirit, is hardly unknown in patristic literature. So Gregory Nazianzen, Oration 45.9 :

"He came to His own image, and took on Him flesh for the sake of our flesh, and mingled [μιγνυται] Himself with an intellectual soul for my soul's sake, purifying like by like; and in all points except sin was made man...He came forth then, as God, with that which He had assumed; one from two opposites, flesh and spirit, of which one gave divinity and one received it. O new commingling [μιξεως] ! O strange mixing [κρασεως] !...What is this mystery that is around me ? I had a share in the image and I did not keep it; He partakes of my flesh that He may both save the image and make the flesh immortal. He communicates a second communion [κοινωνει κοινωνιαν], far more marvellous than the first, in as much as then He imparted the better nature, but now He Himself assumes the worse."

But μισγεσθαι is an oddity. It's the present middle-passive infinitive of μισγω, an Ionic form common in Homer and Herodotus, but more or less defunct thereafter. The common form is μιγνυμι or μιγω; much later come the variants σμιγνυω and σμιγω. All include the meanings : to mix things, social intercourse, and sexual intercourse.

Μισγουσι(ν) appears twice in the LXX : Isaiah 1.22, mixing wine with water, Hosea 4.2, blood mixed with blood.

But, having gone through a fair number of lexica and indices, (and of course I am open to correction !), I can find no example in patristic writing of an author independently - i.e. in his own voice - using μισγω/μισγεσθαι.

With one exception : Clement of Alexandria.

■■■■■

At Strom.1.16.74, Clement, speaking in his own voice, offers a list of positive innovations made by the 'barbarian' Egyptians. For one item, he slips in phrases from Herodotus 2.64.1 :

"..prohibited intercourse [μισγεσθαι] with women in the temples, and enacted that no one should enter the temples from a woman without bathing."

As it's Clement speaking, the words are de-Ionicised, with the exception of μισγεσθαι. This passage is reproduced by Eusebius, Praep.Ev. 10.6, but is clearly flagged as a quotation from Clement; it is not a piece of independent writing. If I am right in thinking that no later patristic author used μισγεσθαι in their own voice, on balance of probabilities it seems highly unlikely that a later writer would pick this word from Clement, with its overtly sexual reference, to describe union with God as in Ep.366.

■■■■■

It's still necessary to put a positive case for it being Clement using μισγεσθαι in Ep.366. How does the word conform to his verbal usage and to his ideas ?

■■■■■

Firstly, there is no dispute that Clement loved using archaisms, they are an essential part of his literary style. Lucian (Rhet.Praec.10) could mock the cultured style, "displaying ancient corpses for imitation and digging up works long-buried", but Clement was an exemplar of it.

At Strom.3.2.10, with his allegations of what the Carpocratians got up to when the lampstand was overturned, Clement uses the standard μιγνυσθαι. At 1.16.74, the context, achievements of the ancients, allows him to indulge his penchant for archaism and retain the Ionic μισγεσθαι.

■■■■■

Secondly, the issue of 'mixing' with regard to relations between God and humans.

Clement is quite restrained in his use of such language. His considered position seems to be stated at Excerp. ex Theod.17. Clement disagrees with a Valentinian view that "Jesus and the Church and Sophia are a powerful and complete mixture [κρασις] of bodies." Clement posits instead the notion of juxtaposition :

"And the greater and more excellent bodies are capable of being easily mixed [κρασιν], for example, wind mingles [μιγνυται] with wind. But to me it seems that this happens by conjunction [παραθεσιν] and not by admixture [κρασιν]. Therefore, does not the divine power, immanent in the soul, sanctify it in the final stage of advance? For 'God is spirit' and 'inspires where He will'. For the immanence of the divine power does not affect substance[ουσιαν], but power and force; and spirit is conjoined [παρακειται] with spirit, as spirit is conjoined with soul."

This formally aligns with his preference for the language of ομοιωσις. But Clement has more than one mode of writing. In paraenetic discourse, (a category which would include Ep.366), he allows himself a fair degree of imprecision. For example :

"For the blood of the grape - that is, the Logos - desired to be mixed [κιρνασθαι] with water, as His blood is mingled [κιρναται] with salvation. And the blood of the Lord is twofold. For there is the blood of His flesh, by which we are redeemed from corruption [φθορας]; and the spiritual, that by which we are anointed. And to drink the blood of Jesus, is to become partaker [μεταλαβειν] of the Lord's immortality[αφθαρσιας]; the spirit being the energetic principle of the Logos, as blood is of flesh. Accordingly, as wine is blended [κιρναται] with water, so is the spirit with man. And the one, the mixture [κραμα] of wine and water, nourishes to faith; while the other, the spirit, conducts to immortality[αφθαρσιαν]. And the mixture [κρασις] of both - of the water and of the Logos - is called eucharist, renowned and glorious grace; and they who by faith partake [μεταλαμβανοντες] of it are sanctified both in body and soul. For the divine mixture[κραμα], man, the Father's will has mystically compounded [συγκιρναντος] by the spirit and the Logos. For, in truth, the spirit is joined [ωκειωται] to the soul, which is inspired by it; and the flesh, by reason of which the Logos became flesh, to the Logos." (Paed.2.2.19,20)

■■■■■

Thirdly, if Clement used μισγεσθαι in the sexual sense at Strom.1.16.74, was he capable of using the same word in the decidedly non-sexual sense of Ep.366 ?

Clement had occasion to use the inherited Christian language of the church/believer/soul as a bride. So, at Strom.3.12.84 : "The Lord's words bring the soul as a bride [νυμφευσαντων] to God."

But more to the point is a major theme of his work, the transvaluation of values, as it might be termed. We have already seen this in discussion of his transforming the εγκρατεια 'of the philosophers', a mere technique, into a divine quality and impulse. In the second post on my 'Paronomasia and Paul' thread, I illustrated how Clement transforms maenads into Christian 'lambs', and Pentheus into Paul. In this way, the 'transformed' sense of μισγεσθαι in Ep.366 is thoroughly Clementine.

[Secret Alias]

This is a very powerful argument. You once again prove your superiority to write a paper that is tasked to me. Thank you.

[Secret Alias]

Stromateis 7

But if the assertions made by us appear to certain of the multitude to be different from the Scriptures of the Lord, let it be known that it is from that source that they have breath and life ... And the law and the prophets witness of the Lord (7.1.1.6 μαρτυροῦσιν δὲ περὶ κυρίου ὁ νόμος καὶ οἱ προφῆται) It is, then, our purpose to prove that the Gnostic alone is holy and pious, and worships the true God in a manner worthy of Him; and that worship meet for God is followed by loving and being loved by God.

The service of God, then, in the case of the Gnostic, is his soul's continual study and occupation, bestowed on the Deity in ceaseless love. For of the service bestowed on men, one kind is that whose aim is improvement, the other ministerial. The improvement of the body is the object of the medical art, of the soul of philosophy. Ministerial service is rendered to parents by children, to rulers by subjects.

7.1.3.1 Θεραπεία τοίνυν τοῦ θεοῦ ἡ συνεχὴς ἐπιμέλεια τῆς ψυχῆς τῷ γνωστικῷ καὶ ἡ περὶ τὸ θεῖον αὐτοῦ κατὰ τὴν ἀδιάλειπτον ἀγάπην 7.1.3.2
ἀσχολία. τῆς γὰρ περὶ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους θεραπείας ἣ μὲν βελτιωτική, ἣ δὲ ὑπηρετική. ἰατρικὴ μὲν σώματος, φιλοσοφία δὲ ψυχῆς βελτιωτική. γονεῦσι μὲν ἐκ παίδων καὶ ἡγεμόσιν ἐκ τῶν ὑποτετα7.1.3.3 γμένων ὑπηρετικὴ ὠφέλεια προσγίνεται·

For he is alone pious that serves God rightly and unblameably in human affairs.

θεοσεβὴς γὰρ μόνος ὁ καλῶς καὶ ἀνε7.1.3.5 πιλήπτως περὶ τὰ ἀνθρώπεια ἐξυπηρετῶν τῷ θεῷ.

He is the true Only-begotten, the express image of the glory of the universal King and Almighty Father, who impresses on the Gnostic the seal of the perfect contemplation, according to His own image; so that there is now a third divine image, made as far as possible like the Second Cause, the Essential Life, through which we live the true life; the Gnostic, as we regard him, being described as moving amid things sure and wholly immutable.
Ruling, then, over himself and what belongs to him, and possessing a sure grasp, of divine science, he makes a genuine approach to the truth. For the knowledge and apprehension of intellectual objects must necessarily be called certain scientific knowledge, whose function in reference to divine things is to consider what is the First Cause, and what that "by whom all things were made, and without whom nothing was made; " and what things, on the other hand, are as pervasive, and what is comprehensive; what conjoined, what disjoined; and what is the position which each one of them holds, and what power and what service each contributes.

7.3.16.6 οὗτος ὁ τῷ ὄντι μονογενής, ὁ τῆς τοῦ παμβασιλέως καὶ παντοκράτορος πατρὸς δόξης χαρακτήρ, ἐναποσφραγιζόμενος τῷ γνωστικῷ τὴν τελείαν θεωρίαν κατ' εἰκόνα τὴν ἑαυτοῦ, ὡς εἶναι τρίτην ἤδη τὴν θείαν εἰκόνα τὴν ὅση δύναμις ἐξομοιουμένην πρὸς τὸ δεύτερον αἴτιον, πρὸς τὴν ὄντως ζωήν, δι' ἣν ζῶμεν τὴν ἀληθῆ ζωήν, οἷον ἀπογράφοντες τὸν γνωστικὸν <τύπον> γινόμενον ἡμῖν, περὶ τὰ βέβαια καὶ παντελῶς ἀναλλοίωτα
ἀναστρεφόμενον. 7.3.17.1 Ἄρχων οὖν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τῶν ἑαυτοῦ, βεβαίαν κατάληψιν τῆς θείας 7.3.17.2 ἐπιστήμης κεκτημένος, τῇ ἀληθείᾳ γνησίως πρόσεισιν. ἡ γὰρ τῶν νοητῶν γνῶσις καὶ κατάληψις βεβαία δεόντως ἂν λέγοιτο ἐπιστήμη, ἧς τὸ μὲν περὶ τὰ θεῖα ἔργον ἔχει σκοπεῖν τί μὲν τὸ πρῶτον αἴτιον, τί δέ, δι' οὗ τὰ πάντα ἐγένετο καὶ χωρὶς οὗ γέγονεν οὐδέν·

And again. among human things, what man himself is, and what he has naturally or preternaturally; and how, again, it becomes him to do or to suffer; and what are his virtues and what his vices; and about things good, bad, and indifferent; also about fortitude, and prudence, and self-restraint, and the virtue which is in all respects complete, namely, righteousness.

ἐν δὲ αὖ τοῖς ἀνθρωπίνοις τί τε αὐτός ἐστιν ὁ ἄνθρωπος καὶ τί αὐτῷ κατὰ φύσιν ἢ παρὰ φύσιν ἐστίν, πῶς τε αὖ ποιεῖν ἢ πάσχειν προσήκει, τίνες τε ἀρεταὶ τούτου καὶ κακίαι τίνες, περί τε ἀγαθῶν καὶ κακῶν καὶ τῶν μέσων, ὅσα τε περὶ ἀνδρείας καὶ φρονήσεως καὶ σωφροσύνης τῆς τε 7.3.17.4 ἐπὶ πᾶσι παντελοῦς ἀρετῆς δικαιοσύνης.

For it is not by any art, either those of acquisition, or those which relate to the care of the body, that knowledge is attained.

οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ ἐκ τέχνης τινὸς ἤτοι τῶν ποριστικῶν ἢ τῶν περὶ τὸ σῶμα θεραπευτικῶν ἡ γνῶσις περιγίνεται·

For the sentence of God in most righteous judgment is infallible. The spectators are summoned to the contest, and the athletes contend in the stadium; the one, who has obeyed the directions of the trainer, wins the day. For to all, all rewards proposed by God are equal; and He Himself is unimpeachable.

ἀπαραλόγιστος γὰρ ἡ τοῦ θεοῦ ψῆφος εἰς τὸ 7.3.20.6 δικαιότατον κρῖμα. κέκληται μὲν οὖν ἐπὶ τὸ ἀγώνισμα τὸ θέατρον, παγκρατιάζουσι δὲ εἰς τὸ στάδιον οἱ ἀθληταί· καὶ δὴ ἐκ τούτων περι7.3.20.7 γίνεται ὁ πειθήνιος τῷ ἀλείπτῃ γενόμενος.

And as those who maltreat property insult the owners, and those who maltreat soldiers insult the commander, so also the ill-usage of His consecrated ones is contempt for the Lord.

ὡς δὲ οἱ τὰ κτήματα κακοῦντες τοὺς δεσπότας ὑβρίζουσι, καὶ ὡς οἱ τοὺς στρατιώτας τὸν τούτων ἡγούμενον, οὕτως τοῦ κυρίου
ἐστὶν ἀνεπιστρεψία ἡ περὶ τοὺς καθω7.3.21.7 σιωμένους αὐτῷ κάκωσις.

Wherefore it stands to reason, that the ideas entertained of God by wicked men must be bad, and those by good men most excellent and therefore he who is in soul truly kingly and gnostic, being likewise pious and free from superstition, is persuaded that He who alone is God is honourable, venerable, august, beneficent, the doer of good, the author of all good things, but not the cause of evil.

7.4.22.2 διὸ εὐλόγως τοῖς μὲν μοχθηροῖς φαύλας ἔχειν τὰς περὶ θεοῦ διανοήσεις ἀνάγκη, τοῖς δὲ σπουδαίοις ἀρίστας, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ὁ τῷ
ὄντι βασιλικὸς τὴν ψυχὴν καὶ γνωστικὸς οὗτος καὶ θεοσεβὴς καὶ ἀδεισιδαίμων ὤν, τίμιον, σεμνόν, μεγαλοπρεπῆ, εὐποιητικόν, εὐεργετικόν, ἁπάντων ἀρχηγὸν ἀγαθῶν, κακῶν δὲ ἀναίτιον 7.4.22.3 μόνον εἶναι τὸν μόνον θεὸν πεπεισμένος.

And respecting the Hellenic superstition we have, as I think, shown enough in the book entitled by us The Exhortation, availing ourselves abundantly of the history bearing on the point.

καὶ περὶ μὲν τῆς Ἑλληνικῆς δεισιδαιμονίας ἱκανῶς, οἶμαι, ἐν τῷ Προτρεπτικῷ ἐπιγραφομένῳ ἡμῖν λόγῳ παρεστήσαμεν κατακόρως τῇ κατεπειγούσῃ συγκαταχρώ7.4.23.1 μενοι ἱστορίᾳ.

7.4.24.1 Εἰκότως τοίνυν δεισιδαίμονες περὶ τοὺς εὐοργήτους γινόμενοι πάντα σημεῖα ἡγοῦνται εἶναι τὰ συμβαίνοντα καὶ κακῶν αἴτια·